202 ESS A YS. 



obtained from an English vessel captured by the French ; but 

 none of these were to be found in the Huron country, nor 

 could the Indians tell him the name of them : and he regretted 

 that he had not brought some with him, for planting, since 

 " this root, being cut in pieces and planted, quickly grows 

 and multiplies, it is said, like the pommes de Canada " (pp. 

 781, 782). It is plain that the Huron roots first mentioned 

 were, or that Sagard believed them to be, " Jerusalem Arti- 

 chokes," — already known as " Canadian." 



I find no mention of the artichoke in Virginia or the 

 southern colonies before it was cultivated by Anglo-Ameri- 

 cans. The author of " A Perfect Description of Virginia," 

 printed in 1649, says that the English planters have (inter 

 alia) " roots of several kindes, Potatoes, Sparagus, Carrets, 

 . . . and Hartichokes." Beverly (Hist, of Virginia, 1722, 

 p. 254) mentions " Batatas Canadensis, or Jerusalem Arti- 

 choke^ •» planted by some of the English, for brewing beer. 

 i < t. the name of one of the esculent roots mentioned by Ha- 

 ridti^BKef and True Report, etc., 1585) ought to belong to 

 3o'Hie' -'gpecies of Sun Flower — and if to any, to H. tube- 

 fit*m$ Hariot names three tuberous roots found in Virginia : 

 "< )penauk, a kind of roots of round form, some of the bignes 

 <oft f fvalnuts, some far greater, which are found in moist and 

 ^f^trish grounds growing many together one by another in 

 Hjfepes, or as though they were fastened with a string. Being 

 1 boiled or sodden, they are very good meate." [C. Bauhin 

 (Prodromus, 89) identifies these with Solanum tuberosum 

 esculentum, — and has been followed by later writers. The 

 description seems to me to indicate Apios tuberosa.~] " Kais- 

 hucpenauk, a white kind of roots about the bignes of hen egs 

 and nere of that forme : their taste was not so good to our 

 seeming as of the other, and therefore their place and man- 

 ner of growing not so much cared for by vs : the inhabitants 

 notwithstanding vsed to boile and eat many." These may 

 be " Virginia potatoes," but their name, if Hariot recorded it 

 correctly, means " Sun-tubers." The etymology is perfectly 

 clear. The other roots described by Hariot, " Okeepenauk 

 are also of round shape, found in dry grounds : some are of 



