60 NATURAL ARRANGEMENT OF INSECTS. 



change is effected in the open air, their heads are sus- 

 pended downwards; whereas, in the pre-eminent or 

 iuliform type, the metamorphosis is invariably per- 

 formed in the open air; and in the typical diurnal but- 

 terflies, the head of the chrysalis is always pointed 

 towards the skies, as intimating a joyful and happy 

 change in its next transformation. But this wonderful 

 analogy does not cease here ; it is among the caterpillars 

 of this type, and of this type only, that we find all 

 those which feed upon noxious or deadly plants, on 

 hemlock, nightshade, nettles, and all such as, either for 

 their poisonous or hurtful qualities, are shunned by 

 mankind, as fit emblems of evil and of mischief. It is 

 almost needless to recapitulate the negative characters of 

 this type : the body is always lengthened and cylin- 

 drical, the head without any particular horns, spines, or 

 excrescences, and of a moderate proportionable size : 

 the other extremity of the animal, although obtuse, is 

 never suddenly thickened ; neither are there any tails, 

 filaments, or pointed appendages at the end. All the 

 caterpillars of the diurnal Lepidoptera belonging to this 

 type, are spined or tuberculated ; but in the next tribe, 

 which includes the hawk-moths, or crepuscular Lepi- 

 doptera (Sphingides Sw.), the threatening attitudes are 

 developed in lieu of the armed spines : in both, how- 

 ever, we find a large proportion feeding upon poisonous 

 or noxious plants. The common white admirable but- 

 terfly, which lives upon the nettle ; the painted lady, 

 which, as a larva, devours thistles ; and the splendid 

 peacock butterfly, which feeds with the former ; are all 

 familiar examples of the type we have here indicated. 



(57.) The third is the Natatorial, or Anopluriform 

 type, so named because, in the higher and larger groups, 

 the animals belonging to it either live in the water or 

 frequent its vicinity : such aquatic creatures may there- 

 fore be said to be enclosed or covered, as it were, from 

 the atmosphere, and live under shelter of another sub- 

 stance. Now, although none of the diurnal butterflies 

 are either natatorial, or in any degree aquatic, Nature 



