76 NATURAL ARRANGEMENT OF INSECTS. 



peculiarities of the perfect pupa, or chrysalis. It is 

 without limbs, inactive, and so sluggish as to show no 

 other signs of life than a slight degree of motion upon 

 being disturbed. An insect in this state exhibits little 

 or no indication either of the form it originally had, or 

 that which it is destined to assume. Among the typical 

 Lepidoptera, or, more properly, the butterflies, we find 

 three distinct types of pupae, all of which change into 

 that state above the ground. The first of these chiefly 

 belong to the iuliform division : its form is angulated, 

 with both extremities pointed; the tail is fastened to 

 some other substance, generally the tree upon which it 

 fed as a caterpillar; while the body is kept in an erect 

 position, with the head pointing upwards, by means of 

 a transverse thread, which loops it across its breast. The 

 second form is generally more angulated than the former, 

 and not unfrequently ornamented with golden and other 

 metallic colours ; but it is attached in a very different 

 manner ; it has no transverse brace, because it hangs 

 suspended in the air by the tail, so that the head is 

 consequently directed downwards to the earth. The 

 third kind of pupa is attached, like the first, both by 

 the tail and by a transverse thread; but its position is 

 generally horizontal, and it is always enclosed within a 

 convoluted leaf, similar to the habitation which it lived 

 in as a caterpillar. The skippers (Hesperidce*) are the 

 only family of butterflies, at present known, which change 

 into pupae of this description. There is reason to think, 

 however, that, even in this family, some considerable de- 

 viations from the above mode of attachment will here- 

 after be detected. Lewin* figures the pupa of the 

 spotted skipper as enclosed in a slight web, " under cover 

 of a leaf," but without the transverse brace or thread. 

 With the metamorphoses, also, of the extensive family 

 of Erycinidce, we are but imperfectly acquainted, except 

 so far as regards one solitary species, figured by Stoll. 

 The pupa of the Apollo butterfly is also described as 

 being enveloped within a leaf; but whether it be simply 



* Brit. Ins. pi. 46. fig. 7. 



