112 INSTINCT 



Morgan, "according as the animal has eggs or not suggests 

 intelligence; but," he adds and this seems to me to be a 

 more probable conclusion that " it may be instinct varying 

 according to the conditions of stimulation." 



Varied activity under unfavorable conditions charac- 

 terizes alike the behavior of the Protozoa and the most 

 highly evolved animals. While not involving intelligence 

 it performs, in a measure, the function of intelligence, as it 

 gives the animal greater opportunities for making favorable 

 adjustments. "Nature," says James, "implants contrary 

 impulses to act in many classes of things, and leaves it to 

 slight alterations of the conditions of the individual case to 

 decide which impulse shall carry the day. Thus greediness 

 and suspicion, curiosity and timidity, coyness and desire, 

 bashfulness and vanity, sociability and pugnacity seem to 

 shoot over into each other as quickly, and to remain in as 

 unstable equilibrium, in the higher birds and mammals as 

 in man. They are all impulses, completely blind at first, 

 and productive of motor reactions of a rigorously deter- 

 minate sort. Each of them, then, is an instinct, as instincts 

 are commonly defined. But they contradict each other 

 'experience' in each particular opportunity of application 

 usually deciding the issue. The animal that exhibits them 

 loses the instinctive demeanor and appears to lead a life of 

 hesitation and choice, an intellectual life, not, however, 

 because lie has no instincts rather because he has so many 

 of them that they block each other's path." 



At its first appearance intelligence is able to modify but 

 slightly the course of instinctive behavior. It is a faculty 

 which, as Hobhouse remarks, "arises within the sphere of 

 instinct" and is devoted to the task of enabling the instinc- 

 tive proclivities of the animal to work themselves out more 

 effectively. The close connection of intelligence and instinct 



