PRIMITIVE TYPES OF INTELLIGENCE 189 



after it carefully avoided further contact with the crab. 

 Older octopi, according to Schneider, contrive to extract the 

 hermits from their shells without being stung. The ob- 

 servations of Schneider on the young of the octopus were 

 verified by von Uexkiill hi Eledone which also learned to 

 avoid a torpedo from which it had received an electric 

 shock. 



Kollmann gives an acount of an octopus which was placed 

 in an aquarium with a large lobster and several other 

 animals. The octopus manoeuvred constantly in order to 

 seize the lobster, but the latter was on the alert and usually 

 made its escape, and on one occasion inflicted a severe cut 

 on its adversary's arm. The lobster was finally seized hi an 

 unwary moment and surrounded by the long and powerful 

 arms of its captor. It was liberated by an attendant and 

 placed in an adjoining aquarium separated from the first 

 by a cement partition which projected about 2 cm. above the 

 surface of the water. The octopus then, although the lob- 

 ster was out of its sight, made a sudden spring over the 

 partition and soon caught and overcame its prey. 



It is difficult to estimate the psychic aspect of a single 

 act such as this. According to Kollmann it shows that the 

 octopus has the power of representing the absent lobster and 

 of remembering where it was placed; but it is not safe to go 

 farther than to say that a certain amount of intelligence 

 was probably involved. 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 



BETHE, A. Das Nervensystem von Carcinus moenas I, Arch. f. 



mik. Anat. 50, 460 and 549, '97; II, I.e. 51, 447, '97. 

 DRZEWINA, A. Les reactions adaptives des Crabes. Bull. Inst. 



G6n. Psych. 8, 235, '08. 

 KOLLMANN, J. Aus dem Leben der Cephalopoden, Vierteljahrschr. 



wiss. Philos. 1, '77. 



