192 INTELLIGENCE IN INSECTS 



water and climb upon her hand in order to get the food. 

 Another larva which was worked with failed to profit in 

 the least from repeated efforts to train it. Forel similarly 

 trained a large water beetle, which at first fled upon his 

 approach, to come toward him for food. The beetle came 

 to eat when on the table, whereas naturally it feeds only in 

 the water, but it still retained its old method of turning over 

 on its back before eating, which it did very clumsily when 

 out of its natural element. Lubbock trained a wasp to 

 come for food, and finally it would allow itself to be taken 

 into the hand and stroked, whereas at first it would show 

 strong resentment at attempts of this kind. Very similar 

 results were obtained by Adlerz in a species of sand wasp. 



Mr. J. Wodsedalek has recently made an extended study 

 of the formation of associations in the May-fly nymph 

 Heptagenia interpunctata (Say) , which is very common near 

 the University of Wisconsin, where the work was carried 

 on. Although negatively phototatic, the nymphs were 

 trained to go toward a stone (to which they had a strong 

 propensity to cling), at increasingly great distances against 

 the rays of light, until finally they would go toward it at a 

 distance much greater than they could be induced to do at 

 first. They were also trained to come for food, and by 

 repeated stirring up, several lots of nymphs came to be so 

 afraid that whenever the observer approached they would 

 scurry about with every appearance of great alarm. 

 Nymphs placed in other dishes where they were not dis- 

 turbed showed practically no signs of fear. It is of inter- 

 est to find in these primitive insects that behavior is 

 modified in the two ways which in higher forms we should 

 have little hesitation in regarding as indicative of pleasure 

 and pain. 



There are several instances of the "training" of ants. 



