INTELLIGENCE IN INSECTS 197 



the shore and set them free. That they might be easily 

 recognized the bees were previously made to walk in bird 

 lime and the hive was carefully watched for their return, 

 but none found their way home. Another lot of bees was 

 then liberated on the shore not far from the hive. In this 

 region there were no flowers, consequently it was one not 

 frequented by the bees, and they were no more successful 

 in finding their way back than in the first experiment. A 

 number of bees were next carried inland where they had been 

 in the habit of foraging for honey, and liberated; nearly all 

 quickly found their way back to the hive. 



Buttel-Reepen found that if a hive is carried into a new 

 locality a considerable distance from its original situation 

 and concealed among shrubbery or between buildings so 

 that it cannot be seen from a distance, and the old bees are 

 removed before they have made a trial flight, they usually 

 fail to return even if they have been taken but one-hundred 

 feet from the hive. If the hive is removed to a short distance 

 of a few rods, numbers of the bees return to the original 

 position of the hive and fly about as if in search of the hive, 

 although the latter may be hi plain sight. The memory 

 of bees for the position of an object is apparently better than 

 their memory of the object itself. In this the insect mind 

 acts rather differently from that of higher animals for which 

 the object, wherever situated, is the thing that usually 

 determines action. 



Insects seem chained down to topographical relations and 

 free themselves from their guiding influences only with 

 difficulty. This is illustrated by Fabre's experiments on the 

 mason bee, Chalddoma muraria. During the absence of the 

 bee Fabre removed her nest the distance of one meter. 

 The bee returned to the old locality of the nest, but failed 

 to discover her own. When another nest was placed hi the 



