INTELLIGENCE IN INSECTS 199 



distance and a black piece of paper with a hole in the center 

 was placed over the nest so that the hole in the paper lay 

 directly over the opening of the nest. The bee returned and 

 entered her nest after hovering for but a few seconds over the 

 black paper. Finally all the accessories were swept away 

 and the region around the nest covered uniformly with 

 green grass leaving the opening uncovered. On her return 

 the bee was disconcerted, circled about the nest for about 

 two minutes and finally entered it. 



The hole of another species of burrowing bees was found 

 near one of a series of bricks which formed the border of a 

 walk. Near the hole was the cover of a bottle. During the 

 absence of the bee Turner punched holes of the same diameter 

 as the bee's nest and bearing the same relation to the other 

 bricks as the nest did to the brick near it. The top of the 

 bottle was placed near one of these artificial holes. On her 

 return the bee alighted some distance away and came along 

 the series of bricks until she encountered the hole near the 

 bottle cover when she immediately plunged into it. She 

 quickly recognized her error, withdrew, and soon found her 

 own hole. During her second absence holes were punched 

 in front of several more bricks on either side of the nest, but 

 the bee on her return once more entered the hole near the 

 bottle cover. She emerged, hovered over the spot, and 

 again entered the same hole, but soon came out and found 

 her own nest. Evidently the bottle cap served as a land- 

 mark indicating the position of her nest. The environment 

 of the different holes was so similar that a change in the 

 position of this one object changed the principal feature of 

 the local topography. 



There is no support here for Bethe's theory of a mysteri- 

 ous force, the assumption of a dead reckoning process, or 

 the " kinaesthetic reflex" of Pieron. The results are only 



