200 INTELLIGENCE IN INSECTS 



explicable on the assumption that the bee has a memory of 

 space relations and guides her flight accordingly. This con- 

 clusion is supported by the results of Turner's experiments 

 on the homing of the mud dauber, which are in principle 

 the same as the foregoing, although differing much in detail. 

 In bees and wasps the memory of locality is shown by their 

 returning repeatedly to the same spot for food. Forel in 

 experimenting on the power of vision and the formation of 

 associations in bees made use of variously colored paper 

 flowers on each of which he placed a drop of honey. The 

 artificial flowers were placed among some Dahlias which the 

 bees were visiting. A red paper flower was brought near a 

 bee resting on a Dahlia, but the bee was at first so occupied 

 in gathering honey that she could be induced to visit the 

 red flower only when the honey was brought within reach 

 of her proboscis. The bee's back was then marked 

 with red paint in order that she could be distinguished 

 from other bees. When the bee returned from the hive 

 she went straight for the artificial red flower, then to a blue 

 artificial flow r er with a yellow center and finally back to the 

 first. Another bee which visited a white artificial flower 

 was painted yellow. On her return from the hive she flew 

 to the same artificial flower and then visited two others and 

 did not return to the Dahlias. Later the bulk of the bees 

 which for a long time had, with few exceptions, ignored the 

 artificial flowers seemed to have their attention directed to 

 them by other visitors and threw themselves upon the arte- 

 facts in swarms. After they had devoured the honey the 

 bees began to go back to the Dahlias, but when colored 

 artificial flowers devoid of honey and hence lacking an 

 attractive odor were placed among the plants, many bees 

 began to visit them and examine them carefully as if they 

 expected to find honey there. These facts, as Forel rightly 



