INTELLIGENCE IN LOWER VERTEBRATES 223 



Many fish can easily be trained to come toward one for 

 food. I have trained goldfish so that they would swim 

 toward my hand to be fed, when I put it over the aquarium, 

 and I find upon enquiry that many others have done the 

 same. A sunfish which I kept for several months would 

 take bits of snail meat out of my ringers; whenever my 

 hand was brought near the water the sunfish would approach 

 and hold its mouth near the surface in readiness to snap 

 at the food. I gradually accustomed the fish to jump out 

 of the water for the food to a distance of nearly three inches. 

 I would often put my hand near the water as if I were 

 holding a piece of meat. The sunfish would almost invari- 

 ably come to the surface in a position of readiness for a 

 leap, but it would not jump at my empty fingers. A piece 

 of dark colored snail meat not much larger than a pin's 

 head or a small black mark on the end of my finger would be 

 sufficient, however, to cause a jump. I noticed also that 

 the fish came to be very attentive to my general movements, 

 and whenever I drew near the aquarium it would be found 

 pointed toward me with its head near the glass; and if I 

 walked around the aquarium the fish would faithfully follow. 



Reighard hi an investigation of warning coloration hi fishes 

 fed a colony of snappers with small fishes of the genus 

 Atherina. Some of the Atherinas were stained red and 

 others were unstained, some of the red ones were rendered 

 unpalatable by putting in their mouths parts of the ten- 

 tacles of a large jelly fish, which were plentifully supplied 

 with nettling cells. Red Atherinas were readily taken 

 when thrown into the water, but those which had been made 

 unpalatable with the tentacles of the jelly fish, while snapped 

 up at first, were generally avoided after a few trials. There- 

 after the snappers avoided the red Atherinas which had not 

 been rendered unpalatable. They had come to associate the 



