226 INTELLIGENCE IN LOWER VERTEBRATES 



each time in a new place as if bearing in mind its failures 

 at other points. After a time the goby seemed to become 

 discouraged and left the shell, but returned at times and 

 resumed its attempts to enter. After an hour and a half 

 the goby gave up its efforts entirely. The next day the 

 mastic was removed and the shell placed in its original 

 position. After several hours the goby had not entered 

 the shell and swam by it for a long time without giving it 

 the least attention. The shell was then removed to another 

 part of the aquarium. As soon as the goby perceived the 

 shell it quickly made for it and installed itself under it as 

 if it had discovered a new shell instead of the old one. With 

 the goby as with the mason bee, Chalcidoma, the place 

 which a thing occupies is its chief recognition mark. The 

 same shell in a new place was for the goby a new object, 

 with promise of being a suitable domicile which, it had come 

 to recognize, the shell in the old place was not. 



In this connection the experiment of Lloyd Morgan on 

 the behavior of a male stikleback is of interest. "A nest 

 had been built on a round glass bell jar which stood near 

 a window. Some aquatic vegetation grew in the tank, 

 and the nest was built on the window side. An experiment 

 was made by turning the large bell jar through a right angle. 

 The male stickleback searched for its nest in the old direc- 

 tion on the window side, that is to say, the same position in 

 reference to the incidence of the light. The search was, of 

 course, fruitless, and a -new nest was begun in this position. 

 Presently the old nest was discovered, and was then vig- 

 orously destroyed in just the same way as the nest of a rival 

 is pulled to pieces and scattered. Here a new incidence of 

 light and new direction of shadows seemed to have com- 

 pletely transformed the visual situation/' 



The Amphibia, notwithstanding the fact that they have 



