THE INTELLIGENCE OF MAMMALS 245 



of the animals, or their differences in temperament and 

 general intelligence, which Davis finds are very marked. 

 In one case a loop was left lying upon the top of the box. 

 When seen by the raccoon it was clawed back into the box 

 and then pulled. Is this merely the blind association of 

 perception with motor impulse? I think not. 



Cole found that if food was put in a box and the place 

 where the raccoon had formed the habit of entering was 

 closed, the animal would attempt to enter the box at other 

 places. In one experiment a tight box was used with a 

 hole through the top. After the raccoon had entered 

 through the hole and obtained food a number of times the 

 hole was closed and an opening made under one side of the 

 box. At first the animal attempted to enter in the usual 

 way, but finding his passage barred soon left it; after a 

 second attempt he discovered the side opening, entered and 

 secured the food. The side opening was then closed and a 

 wire cylinder eighteen inches high placed on end over the 

 original opening at the top of the box. Thirty seconds 

 after the raccoon was released he had climbed up the outside 

 and down the inside of the cylinder and entered the hole. 

 The piece of apple in the box could not be seen, nor smelled, 

 according to Cole, for " the room was full of the odor of apple." 

 The animal apparently retained an image of the apple in the 

 box and realized that if he could not reach it in one way he 

 might in another. 



Such behavior, in which an animal's activity seems to be 

 directed to achieving a certain end, is not uncommon. A 

 case described by Hobhouse is suggestive. A dog was 

 held at the back of a house with which he was unfamiliar 

 and saw his master enter by the back door and appear at a 

 window in the same side of the house. "After trying to 

 follow his master through the back unsuccessfully, because 



