THE INTELLIGENCE OF MAMMALS 247 



suppose that these various objects, by association, called 

 forth muscular impulses similar to those originally given, 

 thereby causing the animal to keep the same path as before. 

 But on the return the objects are not only met with in a 

 different order, the visual fields of the animal present hi 

 many respects a quite different aspect, and the muscular 

 impulses given at the various turns are just the reverse of 

 those given as various landmarks were encountered during 

 the outgoing journey. Must we not assume that in the 

 animal's mind, as hi our own, there is a consciousness of the 

 general space relation of objects seen along the journey and 

 the animal's own changes of position in relation to those 

 objects? Does not the horse feel that he is going away 

 farther and farther from his barn, although the latter cannot 

 be seen, and does he not in some way keep the general 

 topographical situation in mind amid all the panoramic 

 scene-shif tings in his field of vision? If the horse does not 

 have clearly defined ideas he seems to possess some con- 

 sciousness of unperceived objects and their relation to 

 present ones. Horses and other animals commonly find 

 their way home over routes very different from the ones on 

 which they set out, even in places, such as woods, where they 

 cannot perceive the general landscape. We may say of 

 course that the animal is guided by a "sense of direction/' 

 but it we ascribe this faculty to the animal in any but a 

 mystical sense, we can scarcely escape assuming that there is 

 something that fulfils the function of a representative con- 

 sciousness of the absent elements of the situation. The 

 animal which makes for home by a new route cannot be said 

 to be guided by sensori-motor impulses in relation to certain 

 trees or rocks, because these objects have not been asso- 

 ciated with any impulses in the animal's experience. If we 

 examine our own mental experience in such a situation it 



