256 THE INTELLIGENCE OF MAMMALS 



to get out by working at the spot where he had seen the 

 trained rat try." 



It is a significant fact that the untrained rat manifested 

 little interest in the actions of the trained one until he found 

 the latter could make his escape from the cage. If a new 

 rat were put in the cage the untrained rat would follow him 

 also, but if the new rat did not get out his companion 

 would soon cease to follow and imitate him. It is impossible 

 to regard such imitation as this as a series of congenital 

 responses to the perception of particular movements. The 

 rat imitates with the aim of getting out of the cage and 

 apparently recognizes in the movements of his companion 

 the means of deliverance. Further evidence of intelligent 

 imitation is furnished by Berry's work on imitation in 

 cats. 



The experiments of Hobhouse yielded many indications 

 of imitation of the inferential type, although most of them 

 leave something to be desired in the way of conclusiveness. 

 Hutchinson in his valuable book on Dog Breaking says 

 that dogs may be taught tricks much more readily if they 

 see other dogs perform the tricks and obtain a reward 

 for it. 



A general consideration of the literature on imitation in 

 animals justifies us, I think, in concluding that a certain 

 amount of intelligent imitation occurs in animals below the 

 monkeys, but it must be admitted that there is but a 

 small amount of reliable data upon which to base an 

 opinion. 



We have spoken of instinctive and intelligent imitation 

 as if they constituted two discrete classes of behavior. It 

 is important, I believe, in studying this subject to recognize 

 the kinship and transitional stages between these two kinds 

 of imitative activity. Animals tend to imitate those acts 



