24 THE EVOLUTION OF MAN 



distinguishing features of Neandertal man, that it was fully 

 conceded that they represented a race, and that the character- 

 istics which they exhibited were diagnostic. Later finds, 

 though not in chronological order, have been made at the 

 following places : 



Le Moustier, La Chapelle-aux-Saints, La Ferrassie, La 

 Quina, and Pech de 1'Aze, France; Banolas, Spain; La Nau- 

 lette in the Lesse Valley, Belgium; Ehringsdorf near Weimar, 

 Germany; Krapina, Austria. 



The anatomical features of the Neandertal race are now 

 very well known, largely through the very detailed studies of 

 Professor Marcelin Boule on the material from La Chapelle- 

 aux-Saints in the Paris Museum. Homo neandertalensis was 

 of low stature, hardly exceeding five feet three inches for the 

 males and less for the females. The posture was not fully 

 erect, as shown by the curved thigh bones, the absence of the 

 cervical flexure of the spine, and the position of the foramen 

 magnum of the skull. The head was borne on the immensely 

 muscular neck in such a way that the face was thrust forward 

 in an ape-like manner, thus lacking the delicate poise which it 

 would possess were the carriage fully erect. 



The skeleton of Neandertal man is peculiar, not alone in 

 the lack of the fourth flexure of the vertebral column and in 

 the presence of curvature in the thigh, but in the enlarged 

 articulation of the limbs, with knee and hip joints somewhat 

 bent, and in the peculiarly rounded ribs, all of which point to 

 a clumsy, shuffling, loose-jointed being of great muscular 

 power. The distal segments of the limbs are relatively short, 

 in marked contrast with those of the great man of Cro- 

 Magnon described below, and the thumbs could not be so 

 freely opposed to the other digits, with a resultant lack of hand 

 skill. 



The skull of Neandertal man is very large, with a cranial 

 capacity of 1,600 c.c. (La Chapelle) as against an average 



