XIV 



ILLUSTRATIONS. 



Tage 

 Liverworts with Cell-nets, Cell-plates, and Cell- 

 rows in various transitional forms, - - 591 

 Cotyledons, various examples shown in detail, - 599 

 Process of Development — (Rhizophora conjugata), 603 

 MangToves on the West Coast of India at ebb- 

 tide, 605 



Germinating Seeds and Seedlings, - - - 607 

 Liberation of the Cotyledons from the cavity of 



the seed or fruit husk, - - - - 611 



Anchoring of the Water-chestnut (Trapa),- - 617 

 The Boring of Fruits into the Ground, Feather- 

 grass and Stork's-bill, ... 619 

 Cotyledons of various Plants, .... 621 



Arrangement of Strands in the blades of Foliage- 

 leaves. Forms with one main strand, - - 631 

 Distribution of Strands in the blades of Foliage- 

 leaves. Forms with several main strands, - 633 

 Flowers of the Silver Lime and Arrow-grass, - 646 

 Cotton Trees of the Brazilian catingas, - - 656 

 Agaves of the Mexican uplands, ... 657 

 Yucca gloriosa, -.-.-.. 659 

 Vattisneria tpiralis, ------ 667 



Rotangs in Java, ..--_. 675 



Shoot-apices of three species of Rotang, - - 676 



Branches of the New Zealand Bramble, - - 677 

 Palm-stem used as a support by the lattice-forming 



stems of one of the Clusiacese, - - - 6S1 

 Twining Hop (Bumulus Lupulus), in detail, - 688 

 Portion of a Liane stem, twisted like a cork- 

 screw, 689 



Stipular tendrils of the common Smilax, - - 690 



Leaf-stalk tendrils of Atragene alpina, - - 691 



Branch-tendrils of Serjania gramatophora, - - 693 



Tendrils of the Bryony (Bryonia), - 696 



Pago 

 Light-avoiding Tendrils of Vitis in.*erta and Vitis 



inconstans, ...-.-- 699 

 Ivy (Bcdera Helix) fastened by climbing roots to 



the trunk of an Oak, ----- 703 

 Picus with girdle-like clasping roots, - - - 705 

 Ficus Benjamina with incrusting climbing roots, 707 

 Bignonia argyro-violacea, from Brazil, - - 709 

 Ficus with lattice-forming climbing roots, - - 711 

 Bamboos in Java, - - - - - - 713 



The Oak, - - 716 



The Silver Fir (Abies pectinata), - - - 717 



Birch Trunks with white membraneous bark, - 721 

 Eucalyptus trees in Australia, - - - - 723 

 Diagrammatic representation of various combined 



girders, 728 



Transverse sections of erect foliage-stems with 



simple girders not fused together into a tube, 729 

 Transverse sections of erect foliage-stems with 



simple girders fused into cylindrical tubes, - 730 

 Transverse sections of erect foliage-stems with 



flanges developed as secondary girders, - 731 



Transverse section of the climbing stem of the 



Atragene (Atragene alpina), - - - 733 



Undulations of old ribbon-shaped Liane stems, - 734 

 Transverse sections of a runner of the Garden 



Strawberry and of the Water Milfoil, - - 735 

 Branch of the Walnut-tree with hanging male 



catkins, and a small cluster of female flowers, 742 

 India-rubber Tree (Ficus elastica) and Banyan- 

 tree (Ficus Indica), • - 755 

 The Screw Pine (Pandanus utilis), - - - 758 

 ■Stilt-like and columnar roots of Mangroves, - 759 

 Bramble-bush in which the branches have taken 



root, - 769 



