ABSORPTION OF FOOD-SALTS BY LAND-PLANTS. 85 



The salts are to be regarded as forming an extremely delicate coating round 

 minute particles of earth where they are forcibly retained. If a plant rooted in 

 the earth is to take in these salts it has to overcome the force by which their 

 molecules are detained. This is effected, however, by means of a very powerful 

 attraction exerted by the protoplasts of the plant as they grow, carry on the work 

 of construction, and use up material. What actually hapi^ens is an energetic suction 

 by the cells that are in close contact with particles of earth. This suction depends, 

 however, upon the chemical affinity between the substances in the interior of the 

 cells and the salts adhering to the earth-particles, as well as upon the consumption 

 of food-salts for the manufacture of organic compounds within the green cells. It 

 is supposed that whenever salts are abstracted from soil-particles by suction, a 

 restitution of like salts immediately takes place, particle.? still unresolved in the 

 immediate neighbourhood being dissolved, and a fresh influx taking place from the 

 environment. Consequently the concentration of the solution retained by the earth 

 is always approximately the same, or, at any rate, equilibrium is very quickly 

 restored. One advantage of this is that the cells in immediate contact with 

 particles of earth, and their adherent liquid, can only meet with a saline solution of 

 constant weak concentration, and are therefore secure from injury such as would 

 result in the case of most plants, from contact with a very concentrated solution. 

 In other words, the absorptive power of earth acts as a regulator of the process of 

 absorption of food-salts by plants, and is the means of keeping the saline solution 

 in the earth always at the degree of strength best suited to the plants concerned. 



Naturally, the passage of salts from the earth to the interior of a plant is 

 dependent on the aid of water containing both the substances composing cell- 

 contents and the food-salts in solution. The cell-membranes, through which 

 absorption takes place, are saturated with this solution. The aqueous films adhering 

 to the particles of earth, the water saturating the cell-membrane, and the liquid 

 inside the cells are really in unbroken connection, and along this continuous water- 

 way the passage of salt molecules in and out can take place easily. 



The absorption of food-salts directly from the earth by green cells occurs very 

 rarely. The protonema of Polytrichum, which spreads its threads over loamy earth 

 and wraps it in a delicate green felt, and that of the famous Cavern Moss (Schis- 

 tostega), whose long tubular lower cells penetrate the earth in the recesses of caves, 

 do undoubtedly suck up their necessary food-salts by means of cells containing 

 chlorophyll. A drawing of the latter is given in Plate I., fig. p. 



The majority of land-plants have, however, special absorptive cells for the 

 taking-up of salts in solution. These cells are imbedded amongst or lodged upon 

 the earth-particles, and are usually in intimate connection with portions of them. 

 Any part of a plant that penetrates into the earth or lies upon it, may, if it performs 

 the function of absorption, be equipped with cells of the kind. Plagiothecium 

 nekeroidewm, a delicate moss belonging to the flora of Germany, and growing on 

 earth under overhanging rocks, where it is not exposed to rain, and therefore cannot 

 receive any food-salts through that agency, develops absorption-cells on the apices 



