CONTENTS xin 



of (1) teleology or direct adaptation to purpose : (2) type or 

 common plan ; (3) descent from a common ancestor with modifi- 

 cation, according to the great principle of orderly evolution 

 Reception and gradual recognition of the last hypothesis Some 

 objections to it answered Explanation it affords of anatomical 

 structures, otherwise accounted for with difficulty Illustrations 

 Importance of discriminating essential or fundamental from 

 adaptive characters Classification Wider knowledge of morpho- 

 logy the basis of an intelligent study of human anatomy. 



9. RECENT ADVANCES IN NATURAL SCIENCE IN RELATION TO 

 THE CHRISTIAN FAITH. Paper read at the Church Con- 

 gress. Reading Meeting, 2nd October 1883 . . 123 



The doctrine of evolution as applied to the life of organic beings 

 Causes which led to the old belief in the fixity of species, and 

 to the change of opinion upon the subject, now almost universal 

 Effects of this change of opinion upon our ideas in relation to 

 Creation and the Origin of Man. 



10. A PRACTICAL LESSON FROM BIOLOGICAL STUDIES. Reply 



to Working Men's Address to the President of the British 

 Association. Newcastle-on-Tyne, 14th September 1889 . 135 



The survival of the fittest in the struggle for existence, one of 

 the main causes of progress. 



11. PAL^EONTOLOGICAL EVIDENCE OF GRADUAL MODIFICATION 

 OF ANIMAL FORMS. Lecture at the Royal Institution of 



Great Britain, 25th April 1873 .... 138 



The history of the order Ungulata, or hoofed animals, as traced 

 through the Tertiary geological period, shows, as time advanced, 

 a gradual differentiation from more generalised to specialised forms 

 The existing species are only survivors of large numbers which 

 lived in former times, and are now isolated by the extinction of 

 the intermediate forms. 



12. A CENTURY'S PROGRESS IN ZOOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE. 



Presidential Address in the Department of Zoology and 

 Botany. British Association, Dublin Meeting, 15th 

 August 1878 . . . . . .153 



The last edition of the Systema Natures, revised by Linnaeus, 

 was published in 1766 The first portion of the work, detoted to 

 the class Mammalia examined, and the progress made in the 

 knowledge of each order since that time reviewed Observations 

 on classification and zoological nomenclature. 



