282 VARIETIES OF THE HUMAN SPECIES xvm 



an offset. This character of hair must be a specialisation, 

 for it seems very unlikely that it was the attribute of the 

 common ancestors of the whole human race. 



D. The fourth branch of the Negroid race consists of the 

 diminutive round-headed people called Negritos, still found in 

 a pure or unmixed state in the Andaman Islands, and forming 

 a substratum of the population, though now greatly mixed 

 with invading races, especially Malays, in the Philippines, and 

 many of the islands of the Indo- Malayan Archipelago, and 

 perhaps of some parts of the southern portion of the mainland 

 of Asia. They also contribute to the varied population of the 

 great island of Papua or New Guinea, where they appear to 

 merge into the taller, longer-headed and longer-nosed Melan- 

 esians proper. They show, in a very marked manner, some of 

 the most striking anatomical peculiarities of the Negro race, the 

 frizzly hair, the proportions of the limbs, especially the humero- 

 radial index, and the form of the pelvis ; but they differ in 

 many cranial and facial characters, both from the African 

 Negroes on the one hand, and the typical Oceanic Negroes, or 

 Melanesians, on the other, and form a very distinct and well- 

 characterised group. 



II. The principal groups that can be arranged round the 

 Mongolian type are 



A. The Eskimo, apparently a branch of the typical North 

 Asiatic Mongols, who, in their wanderings northwards and 

 eastwards across the American continent, isolated almost as 

 perfectly as an island population would be, hemmed in on one 

 side by the eternal Polar ice, and on the other by hostile tribes 

 of American Indians, with which they rarely, if ever, mingled, 

 have gradually developed characters most of which are strongly- 

 expressed modifications of those seen in their allies, who still 

 remain on the western side of Behring's Straits. Every special 

 characteristic which distinguishes a Japanese from the average 

 of mankind is seen in the Eskimo in an exaggerated degree, so 

 that there can be no doubt about their being derived from the 

 same stock. It has also been shown that these special char- 

 acteristics gradually increase from west to east, and are seen in 

 their greatest perfection in the inhabitants of Greenland ; at all 

 events, in those where no crossing with the Danes has taken 



