DERIVATIVES OF ALCOHOLS AND ACIDS 55 



EXPERIMENT STUDY XIV 

 ETHER 



Caution. Ether is very inflammable and should be kept away 

 from all flames. 



(i) (a) Heat some water in a beaker to about 50° C. Place 10 c.c. 

 of ether in a test tube, and hold the thermometer in the tube with 

 the bulb just touching the ether. Place the test tube in the warm 

 water until the ether boils. Note temperature. B. P. = 34.6° C. 

 (b) Pour about i c.c. of ether upon the hand. Note the effect. 

 Explain, (c) Pour not over i c.c. of ether into a watch glass. Bring 

 flame to the ether. Note ease of ignition. 



(2) Observe the general character of ether and test solvent power 

 upon (a) sodium chloride, {b) sugar, (c) shellac, (d) lard, {e) cotton- 

 seed oil. 



(3) Make the following mixtures: (a) water 5.0 c.c. + ether 5.0 

 c.c. (b) Alcohol 5.0 c.c. + ether 5.0 c.c. To (b) add 5.0 c.c. water 

 and explain result. 



ACID CHLORIDES AND ACID AMIDES 



These two groups of acid derivatives need be only briefly 

 mentioned. When an acid is treated with phosphorus penta- 

 chloride, PCI5, or with the tri-chloride, PCI3, the hydroxyl group 

 of the acid is replaced by chlorine and a compound known as an 

 acid chloride is obtained. The reaction is : 



CH3- COOK + PCI5 -> CH3 - COCl + POCI3 + HCl 



Acetic acid Acetyl chloride 



(an acid chloride) 



When an acid chloride is treated with ammonia, the chlorine 

 is replaced by the amine group and an acid amide results : 



CH3-COCI + NH3 -> CH3-CONH2 + HCl 



Acetyl chloride Acet-amide 



The acid amides differ from the amines in that in the latter 

 the amine group has been substituted for a hydrogen atom of a 

 hydrocarbon while in the former the amine group replaces a 

 hydroxyl group of an acid carboxyl. 



R-NH2 R-CONH2 



Amine Acid amide 



