344 MESSES. E. FEANKLAND AND B. F, DUPPA'S 



(COH 



Glyoxylic acid . . . |q q jj^,- 

 Glyoxal I^Q 



rCOH 

 H" 



Again, if a basylous monad radical take the place of the hydroxyl, a ketone is formed, 



^^^*°"^ icOMe 



Further, if chlorine, bromine, &c. replace the hydroxyl, a haloid compound of the 

 so-called "acid radical" is the result: 



fCH, 



3 



CI 



Acetylic chloride i r n 



Succinylic chloride . . , C2H4_, ^• 

 Again, if the hydroxyl be replaced by oxygen, an anhydride is formed : 



1c o 



Acetic anhydride nn^' 



ICH3 



CO 



Succinic anhydride . . . Cg H4 O. 



And, finally, if replaced by amidogen, an amide or amido-acid results : 



Acetamide \ ^ 



lC0(NH2) 



Succinamic acid . . . . C, H. _ ^ i, ^'^ 



^ * C O Ho 



^^''^-^^^' ^^H^CO(NHf)- 



It may be objected that the group of elements which is thus invested with radical 

 functions, lacks one of the fundamental characteristics of a radical by its proneness 

 to change ; but this characteristic is exhibited by the commonly received radicals in a 

 very varied degree ; and even methyl itself, which certainly possesses it in the most marked 

 manner, readily permits of its hydrogen being replaced by chlorine or bromine on the 

 one hand, and by sodium on the other. 



All compound radicals are purely conventional groupings of elements, intended to sim- 

 plify the expression of chemical change ; and in this respect we believe the group oxatyl, 

 entering as it does into the constitution of nearly every organic acid, has as valid a claim 

 to a distinct name as the most universally recognized radicals. Its admission renders 

 possible the following very simple expression of the law governing the basicity of nearly 

 all organic acids : — 



