128 CAPT. NEWBOLD ON THE TEMPERATURE OF THE SPRINGS, WELLS 



canos, namely, 176° Fahr., that of Chaudes Aigues in Auvergne. The temperature 

 of the hottest known thermal spring in the world, according to M. Arago, is that of 

 Las Trincheras in Venezuela, stated, on the authority of Humboldt and Boussingault, 

 to have increased 11° since 1806 to February 1823, viz. from 195° to 206° Fahr. 

 Had M. Arago stated its elevation above the sea, a better comparison between its 

 temperature and that of Jumnotri might have been formed. It would be interesting 

 to observe whether any similar increment of heat takes place in the chain of thermal 

 springs that rise abundantly along the great line of dislocation at the southern 

 base of the Himalaya chain, or whether the temperature falls, as in some thermal 

 springs among the East Pyrenees. It is certain that the majority of the springs 

 strictly termed thermal, occur in India at or near lines of great faults occasioned by 

 the upheaving of plutonic rocks, a fact that speaks intelligibly as to the great depth 

 at which the earth's crust has been broken up. 



Hot springs were found by Burnes in the salt districts of the Punjaub. In Thibet, 

 M. CsoMA DE KoROs uicntions the occurrence of hot springs between U and Ts'ang. 

 They are numerous in the mountains lying east from the Ma-p'-ham lake, especially 

 at one place, where there is a hole out of which vapour continually issues, and at 

 certain intervals, as in Iceland, hot water is ejected with great noise to the height 

 of twelve feet. The water of the hot springs of Assam was found by Mr. J. 

 Prinsep to contain bitumen and sulphuretted hydrogen. One held in solution a 

 portion of muriate of soda. Many other warm springs are known to occur, besides 

 those mentioned in the register, regarding the temperature and chemical composi- 

 tion of which further information is desirable. For instance, those of Humm^m 

 Phardon on the east shore of the Red Sea ; of Vizrabhaee, forty-eight miles north of 

 Bombay; at Mohr on the Bancoot river, about seventy-five miles south of Bombay; 

 of Soonup Deo, and Oonup Deo among the Satpoora hills in Khand^sh ; of Rish'i- 

 kiinda in Rajmahal; of Muktinath and Bhadrinath in North Hindustan ; ofTooee, 

 near Ruttenpore on the Mhye river, in Guzerat ; of Lawsoondra, eighteen miles 

 W.N.W. from Tooee; of Uteer, about thirty miles from Pooreanear Korachi, on the 

 Indus ; of the diamond district at Punnah, in Bundelcund ; of Oetha-gur, and Ban- 

 nassa, near the sources of the Jumna ; of the rivulet of Loland Khad near the Sut- 

 ledge; of those near the confluence of the Soar and Elgie rivers with the Ganges; 

 of many known to exist in the Birman empire and Malayan peninsula, and of Bhotan. 

 The last-mentioned springs throw up spheroids of silex, which are brought to Al- 

 morah and there sold by the native merchants for duck shot*. These spheroids re- 

 semble those of the springs of Carlsbad in Bohemia, and of the Geysers. The silex 

 composing them has doubtless been held in solution by the water ; but it remains 

 yet to be shown whether it contains, or not, that peculiar combination of silica and 

 soda, which, according to Mr. Faraday, characterizes the water of the Geysers-f~; a 

 combination ceasing to exist when the water is evaporated : the silica being then de- 

 * M'Lelland. f Bakbow's Visit to Iceland, pp. 209, 211. 



