48 Shells as evidence of the ]\Iigratioiis. 



An analogous idea is expressed in a beautiful Chiriquian 

 gold casting of two human figures with elbows touching 

 and holding to their mouths something that resembles a 

 conch-shell or a fish.''' 



Robert J3rown relates that the descendants of the 

 Incas, in Peru, under the rule of Francesco de Toledo, in 

 1568, held periodical festivals in memory of their beloved 

 sovereigns, when plays were enacted and mournful music 

 produced from the national instruments, drums, trumpets, 

 clarions, and pntatiis, or sea shells." 



According to von Martens,"'' the Jesuit priest Arriaga, 

 at the beginning of tlie 17th centur)-, also describes the 

 use of shell- trumpets in Peru, and in the Bolivar collection 

 of the Berlin Ethnographical Museum there is a pre- 

 Columbian trumpet made of Stronibiis galeatns. 



The Portuguese writer, Suarez de Sousa, in 1589, and 

 Marcgrave, about 1640, report on the use of trumpets in 

 Brazil, made probably of St)-oi>ibiis goliath:'' 



in a paper on the ruins in Casa Grande, in Southern 

 Arizona,^" JAV. Fewkes states: "Among the more numerous 

 marine shells which were found in Compound \\ of the 

 Casa Grande group of ruins are many large conchs, the 

 points of the spires of nearly all of which w6re ground off 

 and perforated as if for trumpets. Judging from known 

 ceremonies of the Hopi, it is highly probable that these 

 trumpets were used in dramatic celebrations in whicli 

 effigies of the great serpent were introduced, the jjriest 

 using the instruments to imitate the supposed roar of this 

 animal. More than a dozen complete specimens, and 

 many fragments of conch shells that may have been parts 



■'■ //'/./. pp. 1S5, 209, and pi. xli\., hi;. A. 



"" " Races of Mankind,'" i., N.D., p. 316. 



'■* Von Marlens, op. cil., p. 485. 



" ■' Ibid. p. 485. 



""' 2Sth Ann. Rept. Buieaii of Ainu-. Ellinclogy. 1912. pp. 144—5. 



