26 Causes of its Success 



land. Edition after edition of the book was called 

 for and it was translated even into Japanese and 

 Hindustani. A vast army of young men took up 

 every line of investigation, and epoch-making 

 books appeared in all the great nations. Spencer, 

 Wallace, Huxley, Galton, Tyndall, Tylor, Lubbock, 

 Bagehot, Lewes, in England, and groups of strong 

 men in Germany, Italy, France, and America, 

 published important works in every department of 

 biology. Under these conditions it was inevitable 

 that Darwin's theory should be applied to man. 



In order to trace the distortion which Darwin's 

 theories suffered in this application to human 

 society, it is necessary to understand the intellec- 

 tual world into which they were bom, and the 

 philosophical doctrines current in the aristocratic 

 intellectual circles in which they were discussed 

 and developed. 



On the one hand can be traced the influence of 

 teachers like Carlyle, Kingsley, and Ruskin, who 

 have done so much to foster the belief in a "divine 

 right" of force. Ruskin 's view of the value of war 

 for civilization and art we have already noticed. 

 Charles Kingsley had defended the Crimean War 

 as "a just war against tyrants and oppressors," 

 and had eloquently advocated such a war as in 

 accord with the highest teachings of Christianity 

 and the Bible. The direction of Carlyle's political 

 teachings, which were in accord with his hero 

 worship and "will to power" philosophy, may be 

 judged from the following summary : 



