Advantages in Proportion to Ext:en.r jci 



decide whether a State is sovereign or not. Is 

 Canada, for example, a sovereign State? In 

 international law the question would be answered 

 in the negative, yet it is free to make its own tariff, 

 its own laws and conduct its own affairs, just as 

 though it were an independent State. Is Persia 

 an independent State? In accordance with the 

 answer to this question, which depends upon 

 subjective impressions, the boundaries of Russia 

 and of the British Empire enlarge or contract. 

 Yet according to these subjective impressions, 

 corresponding to no concrete realities, collective 

 homicide is in the one case the cause of progress 

 and in the other a disaster, since it constitutes in 

 one case a foreign war, and in the other a civil 

 war. What is the essential difference which 

 would make a war between England and Scotland 

 contribute to the advance of civilization before the 

 countries were united, but not afterward? 



It is because the philosophy of force ignores the* 

 existence of the universe and the fact of association 

 based on concrete realities that the artificial and 

 oftentimes subjective limits of the State are falsely 

 considered to be the limits of association instead 

 of the true limits, which are marked by interde- 

 pendence and the vital circulation. It is the 

 struggle against the physical environment which 

 impels men to associate themselves whether in the 

 town or city, where they desire to have paved 

 streets, electric lighting, and proper sanitation, or 

 in the larger units of the province and State, where 



