Error Prevents World Organization iii 



tlon upon the number of those who find exploita- 

 tion advantageous. 



We must still further limit this number by the 

 consideration that it is only the fortunate exploiters 

 who find it advantageous. The highwaymen, 

 thieves, and burglars who are unsuccessful in all 

 their ventures, must soon die of starvation. 

 Within the State direct exploitation has long been 

 considered criminal, has been prosecuted, and has 

 steadily become less lucrative. On the other 

 hand, indirect exploitation, authorized by the 

 State, has been practised upon an immense scale 

 in modern society. It takes the various forms of 

 monopolies, protective tariffs, subsidies, bounties, 

 and privileges of all kinds. But even here qualifi- 

 cations are necessary, which greatly reduce the 

 number of possible beneficiaries. The woollen 

 manufacturer, for example, protected by Schedule 

 K of the old tariff in the United States, was en- 

 abled to draw tribute from all American consumers 

 of woollen goods, who were obliged to pay him a 

 higher price than they would have had to pay for 

 foreign goods. But he was not the only beneficiary. 

 He was obliged, in turn, to pay tribute to all the 

 manufacturers who were benefited by the other 

 schedules of protective tariff. If a balance were 

 drawn up, showing the gains and the losses due to 

 the protective tariff, the number of those who 

 would find their gains greater than their losses 

 would be very few. 



It is the international form of the same idea, 



