i62 The Special Sociological Errors 



possible to imagine the advantage of slave labour. 

 Then the leaders of expeditions of conquest would 

 find it advantageous to bring back, not only the 

 wealth of the conquered countries, but even 

 the inhabitants of those countries. For it was 

 the development of the division of labour alone 

 which made it possible to give them work to do 

 immediately, so that they would not constitute, 

 for a single instant, useless mouths to be fed. 

 But this highly developed division of labour pre- 

 supposes the establishment of labour in an econo- 

 mic sense, and therefore of a comparatively high 

 degree of civiUzation. Civilization, then, has not 

 been the result of war and slavery, but war and 

 slavery have been the result of civilization. 



The anthropological romance of the pretended 

 fundamental hostility of the primitive hordes of 

 hiimanity, which has been quite popular since 

 the time of Hobbes, is illustrated by the following 

 quotation from Ratzenhofer: 



Man, being a social animal, felt himself united to 

 his original group by the sympathy of blood relation- 

 ship. But when he came into contact with a man 

 from another horde, the two individuals, conscious 

 of belonging to two different communities, fell into a 

 frenzied condition of fear and terror. Either they 

 killed each other, or they severed all common relation- 

 ship by flight. In the same way two hordes which 

 came into relationship fell into a condition of fear 

 and fury, as a result of the enmity of blood. Either 

 they cast themselves upon each other in a struggle of 



