196 Declining Effectiveness of F'orce 



known that the Phoenicians carried on commerce 

 long before the beginning of written history. 

 Moreover, the witness of contemporary events 

 shows us that the State is never founded upon 

 force. States are being organized under our 

 eyes, by a process in which force does not play 

 the slightest role. During the nineteenth century, 

 the American colonists and pioneers emigrated 

 to the western part of the continent, and founded 

 numerous States. After taking up and clearing 

 the land they cultivated it and began to exchange 

 products. As a result of this activity, thousands 

 of needs for organization were born, which led 

 the colonists to establish numerous institutions 

 of political machinery. War did not play the 

 slightest role at any time in all this process of 

 organizing the Territories and States of the far 

 West. But the facts which we observe in our 

 own time are of the same kind as have occurred 

 at all epochs. 



The human race did not appear in each region 

 of the earth as the result of a miraculous creation. 

 The testimony of science is that man has radiated 

 from a single centre of dispersion. There was then 

 a long period in which the earth, with the excep- 

 tion of a relatively small region, was uninhabited 

 by our species, and the outlying parts have been 

 successively colonized by our ancestors. The 

 process which took place in the western part of 

 America during the nineteenth century, took 

 place everywhere on the earth at a more ancient 



