244 Force and the Social Structure 



the effect of this distortion through the philosophy 

 of force, in two remarkable chapters on the 

 miHtant type of society and the industrial type of 

 society — types which are found to a greater or less 

 degree in every nation. 



The fundamental principle of the militant type 

 of society, according to Spencer, is compulsory 

 co-operation. He describes some of its char- 

 acteristics thus: 



Under the militant type the individual is owned by 

 the State. While preservation of the society is the 

 primary end, preservation of each member is a second- 

 ary end — an end cared for chiefly as subserving the 

 primary end. . . . Chronic militancy tends to develop 

 a despotism. Labour is carried on under coercion; 

 and supervision spreads everywhere. 



Under the system of compulsory co-operation a 

 social structure is developed which strongly resists 

 change. The principle of inheritance, becoming es- 

 tablished in respect of the classes in which militancy 

 originates, tends eventually to fix also their special 

 functions . . . tends to fix the position of each in 

 rank, in occupation, and in locality. . . . Organizations 

 other than those forming parts of the state-organiza- 

 tion are wholly or partially repressed. The public 

 combination occupying all fields excludes private 

 combinations. . . . Obviously, indeed, such combina- 

 tions based on the principle of voluntary co-opera- 

 tion, are incongruous with social arrangements on 

 the principle of compulsory co-operation. Hence the 

 militant type is characterized by the absence, or com- 

 parative rarity, of bodies of citizens associated for 



