Force and Orthodox Diplomacy 255 



international diplomacy is greatly influenced by 

 this fact. Since it is assumed that the interests of 

 nations are mutually antagonistic and that the ad- • 

 vantage of the one can be secured only at the cost 

 of another, the use of force and the threat of force 

 are the chief instruments of the diplomat's power. 

 ''In diplomacy force is always a factor," says 

 Admiral Mahan"; and Major Stewart L. Murray 

 in his book,=' to which Lord Roberts has written 

 a laudatory preface, has explained the relation 

 between diplomacy and force as follows : 



The policies of the various States must, therefore, 

 be regarded as in a perpetual state of conflict, more 

 or less concealed, and requiring perpetual give-and- 

 take adjustments by negotiation. These perpetual 

 negotiations are conducted by the diplomatic services 

 of each country, which are thus occupied in ceaseless 

 efforts to preserve peace. But if a special conflict 

 of policies cannot be settled by negotiation, if one 

 nation refuses in this matter to compromise, then, 

 unless one nation gives way through fear, because it is 

 not strong enough or is not ready enough, there re- 

 mains nothing except to resort to force, to war. 

 Every negotiation, therefore, implies in itself that the 

 pen is held in one hand and the sword in the other. . . . 



The foreign commercial policies of nearly all 

 nations are based upon the idea of mutual antag- 



' "The Place of Force in International Relations," North 

 American Review, January, 1912, p. 34. 



^ The Future Peace oj the Anglo-Saxons, London, Watts & Co., 

 p. 19. 



