256 Force and the Social Structure 



onism instead of interdependence, and find their 

 sanctions in the philosophy of force. Mr. Henry 

 C. Emery, Professor of Economics at Yale Uni- 

 versity has traced the influence of the Darwinian 

 theory upon the modern commercial policies of 

 nations in a lecture published by the War De- 

 partment for distribution in connection with the 

 educational work of the army, in which he said: 



The full significance of the Darwinian theory of the 

 formation of species through natural selection based 

 on a struggle for existence, was not at first appreciated 

 so far as its bearing on the history of human societies 

 was concerned. When, however, national antagon- 

 isms once more came to make themselves consciously 

 felt it was found now that our conceptions regarding 

 the problem of race struggle took on an entirely new 

 aspect. Here was a scientific theory ready at hand 

 to give a profound philosophic basis to a nationalistic 

 conception of history, both past and future, which the 

 writers of the middle of the nineteenth century sup- 

 posed they had disposed of forever. . . . History 

 has been largely rewritten in the light of this new 

 philosophy, and more and more has the economic 

 element come to be emphasized as the determining 

 factor in the history of national struggles. . . . 



I have referred to the early period of mercantilism, 

 when every weapon of a nation was utilized to advance 

 its own interests at the expense of rivals. . . . The 

 last twenty-five years has seen the development of a 

 neomercantilism, which, although more enlightened in 

 detail than the commercial policy of the seventeenth 

 and eighteenth centuries, still takes as its starting 



