Primitive Man a Social Animal 273 



necessitated development of social qualities which 

 led him to give and receive aid from his fellow- 

 men: 



An animal possessing great size, strength, and 

 ferocity, and which, like the gorilla, could defend 

 itself from all enemies, would not perhaps have become 

 social ; and this would most effectually have checked 

 the acquirement of the higher mental qualities such 

 as sympathy and the love of his fellows.^ 



He proceeds to trace the manner in which the 

 social instincts and mutual aid operate as survival 

 factors, leading to that development of the mental 

 faculties which replaces the modification of bodily 

 structure as the most effective form of adaptation ^ 

 to changed conditions. He constantly expresses 

 the importance of mutual aid among even primi- 

 tive men, of whom he says : 



Even at a remote period he practised some division 

 of labour.^ 



Each man did not manufacture his own flint tools 

 or rude pottery, but certain individuals appear to have 

 devoted themselves to such work, no doubt receiving 

 in exchange the produce of the chase. ^ 



Kropotkin, whose survey of savage life in all 

 parts of the globe corroborates Darwin's concli}- 

 sion, sums up the evidence thus : 



^ The Descent of Man, p. 79. * Idem, p. 143. 



ildem, p. 65. 



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