The Science of Human Symbiosis 321 



science of men living together in society. The 

 philosophy of force, in affirming that progress 

 comes from the opposite of symbiosis, undermines 

 the very foundations of the social sciences. The 

 more closely we examine the actual facts of social 

 life, the more difficult it is to understand, how 

 sociologists like Spencer and Ward have been able 

 to enlist themselves in support of the errors of the 

 distorted "social Darwinism." 



Since struggle is a universal phenomenon in 

 nature the philosophy of force has concluded that 

 it ought also to be found within human society. It 

 has then established the fact that it is found there 

 and from this it has proclaimed an irreducible 

 antagonism between the interests of the individual 

 and the interests of the collectivity, and also 

 between the interests of the individuals and the 

 interests of social classes. As we have seen in 

 Chapter II. these doctrines of the philosophy of 

 force are very old, but they have been greatly 

 strengthened by the discovery of their apparently 

 scientific foundation in "social Darwinism." The 

 doctrines have been developed with especial power 

 by German thinkers. In German philosophy we 

 can trace clearly two important currents of thought 

 proceeding from the philosopher Hegel. On the 

 one side Treitschke applied the Hegelian philoso- 

 phy to the theory of the State and created the 

 intellectual foundation for what is becoming widely 

 known as Prussianism, which regards the good of 

 the State of as something quite apart from the 



