332 Mutual Aid as a Law of Nature 



tinderstand the importance of mutual aid, he 

 accuses him of cowardice. Thus in Beyond Good 

 and Evil he says: 



All modern moralists after and including Darwin 

 are afraid to establish a moral code of life out of their 

 concepts of struggle, and the privileges of the strong 

 and fit. Like Kant, when it comes to practical morals 

 they construct systems quite independently of the 

 question, What is our conception of the universe? 

 They are cowards. 



Nietzsche's ideal of a race of supermen, of the 

 ascent of humanity from species to super-species, 

 possesses an irresistible attraction for the hiunan 

 spirit. But in disregarding the fact of association 

 and relying entirely upon struggle he built his 

 edifice, as all the social structures of the philosophy 

 of force are built, upon foundations of sand. 



To those who know Darwin's devotion to truth 

 and his courage in standing by his convictions 

 during the long warfare which raged between 

 science and the old traditional theology, it must be 

 clear that it was not cowardice which prevented 

 him from basing his theory of social progress upon 

 struggle. As we have seen, it was his realization 

 of the new factors of evolution, intellectual and 

 moral, which entered into play and assumed the 

 dominant role when he passed from the biological 

 to the social realm. 



One of the most important results of the return 

 to the true Darwinian theory of social progress 



