Why Love Our Neighbour? 347 



find more than one half the world's population 

 engaged in collective homicide and wholesale 

 destruction, while even in times of peace, in Europe 

 alone more than four millions of men are con- 

 stantly under arms ready to attack their neigh- 

 bours at the first favourable opportunity, to 

 massacre them and to seize their territory. 



The blight which fell upon Christendom in the 

 latter part of the nineteenth century, which was 

 marked by the triumph of materialism, the dis- 

 appearance of the great idealistic forces from 

 public life, and the disintegration of religious faith, 

 may be traced in large measure to the gulf which 

 was created between reason and morality by the 

 development of pseudo-scientific "social Darwin- 

 ism." As the result of ' the triumph of true Dar- 

 winism and of the real scientific spirit, all other 

 realms of human life and activity have been ra- 

 tionalized and given a scientific foundation. Re- 

 ligion and morality alone remained upon the old 

 basis of authority and divine command, and the' 

 belief in the fundamental contradiction between 

 morality and the highest self-interest became 

 almost imiversal. 



Various methods of escape from the dualism 

 created by the rise of the philosophy of force have 

 been sought. For a great number of modern 

 men, educated in scientific thinking, the path 

 opened by the monistic movement under the 

 leadership of Haeckel, which rejects religion and 

 morality and takes reason and science as the sole 



