Struggle Raised to Higher Planes 383 



After our analysis of the errors of the philosophy 

 of force, it is unnecessary to demonstrate again 

 that even after the federation of the world has been 

 created, men will continue to compete with each 

 other, that the different social classes will desire 

 to secure certain privileges, that men will not cease 

 to be divided into political parties, that the lan- 

 guage frontiers will continue to be displaced, that 

 struggles will continue between the various philo- 

 sophic and scientific systems, and between the 

 different literary and artistic schools, and that the 

 limits of the different groups of civilizations will 

 continually undergo change, — in other words that 

 struggle under its most diverse aspects will not be 

 ruled out. The only difference will be that these 

 struggles, instead of resulting, as now, in collective 

 homicide on the battle-field, will take place by 

 processes which, in those fields of human life where 

 anarchy has been abolished, are called legal. Only 

 the lowest and least effective form of struggle, that 

 which proceeds by physiological processes, will be 

 minimized, and struggle as a factor in human 

 relations will rise to the higher and more fruit- 

 ful stages of economic, political, and intellectual 

 struggle. 



Nor is it necessary to change human nature in 

 order to establish world federation. The Amer- 

 icans who united the thirteen original colonies and 

 the Swiss who united their cantons into a federa- 

 tion were not angels. In order to form a federa- 

 tion of the world, it is indispensable, not that men 



