316 Granule Cells of Paneth in Intestinal Glands of Mammals 



more refractive. Ether and alcohol on the other hand dissolved the 

 granules slowly and in diluted acids they disappeared instantly. By 

 means of osmic acid and of picric acid he succeeded in fixing the gran- 

 ules and the cells which contained them. Flemming's fluid gave unsat- 

 isfactory results. He regarded the cells in question as a special kind of 

 glandular cell different from the goblet cell. Concerning the fate of 

 these cells Panethr did not^expsgfe himself definitely although he inclined 

 to the view thatrfhfey are "completely used up in secretion and are replaced 

 by mitotic Celis .fjnthpr-.ljjjthfi gLancfc. His attempts to show that this 

 was the cas'e* by observing the" effect of physiological stimulation, however, 

 did not lead to the desired result, inasmuch as the cells were as numer- 

 ous in the animals which had been fed as in those which were examined 

 in a state of hunger. 



Nicolas, 91, also studied the granule cells and described at considerable 

 length the different varieties of cells to be found in the bottom of the 

 gland of Lieberkiihn. Some of these he regarded as secretory phases 

 in the history of the cell of Paneth. Of these he recognized several, of 

 which the following may be mentioned: (a) indifferent cells with clear 

 protoplasm; (b) fine granulations appear in the protoplasm-primary 

 granules; (c) the granules contain a safraninophilous body in the form 

 of a crescent or semicircle, the rest of the granule staining in Flemming's 

 fluid; (d) the secretory activity has attained its maximum and the cell 

 is completely filled with granules containing a safraninophilous body; 

 (e) the cells expel the granules; (f) the cell contracting after expelling 

 its contents assumes the aspect of the small narrow cell with deeply 

 stained protoplasm; (g) the cell recovers itself and assumes the appear- 

 ance of stage a. Nicolas also observed that in the later stages of secre- 

 tion the nucleus became smaller, often irregular in shape, and stained 

 diffusely, whence he concluded that the nucleus participated in the secre- 

 tory activity of the cell. 



Bizzozero, 93, did not acept the conclusion of Paneth and Nicolas that 

 the granule cells were specific glandular elements, but attempted rather 

 to bring the facts with regard to them into accord with his theory that 

 the glands of Lieberkuhn were not in reality true glands, but merely foci 

 for the regeneration of the surface epithelium, and to convert the appar- 

 ently adverse fact of the occurrence of peculiarly organized elements in 

 the bottom of the glands into an additional proof of the validity of his 

 theory. He claimed to have found, in material from the intestine of the 

 mouse stained in safranin and haematoxylin after fixation in Hermanns' 

 fluid, what he considered to be transitional forms between Paneth cells 

 and goblet cells. In these preparations the mucin in the goblet cells 



