IN THE LIMBS OF MAMMALIA. 31 



It will now be shown to what extent our teleological morphology, as it were, of the long 

 and the short muscles has been traced in the lower limbs of man. The ilium, unlike its 

 longitype, the scapula, is firmly attached to the vertebral column, and does not, even in 

 appearance, constitute a segment of the limb. Physiologically, the short and long direct 

 flexors of the thigh are the iliacus and the psoas magnus ; but the former is without doubt 

 the morphological representative of the subscapularis, which is in man an internal rotator, 

 but in most other mammalia an accessory flexor of the humerus ; and the real antitype of 

 the teres major is the small muscle first described under the name of scansorius by Traill, 

 (" Observations on the Anatomy of the Orang-outang (Chimpanzee)" Memoirs of the Werne- 

 rian Natural Historical Society, vol. iii. Feb. 7, 1818 ;) afterward by Prof. Owen, ("Myology 

 of Simia satyrus," Proceedings of Zoological Society of London, January 25 and May 30, 

 1831,) and lately by me, (" Contributions to Comparative Myology of Chimpanzee," Boston 

 Journal Natural History, page 369, vol. vii.) 



The long flexor of the humerus, latissimns dorsi, seems to have no posterior representa- 

 tive ; the glutceus maximus at once suggests the deltoid, and may be the morphological as 

 well as the physiological short extensor of the femur; while perhaps that portion of it which 

 arises from the sacrum, represents the long extensor, corresponding with some one of the 

 subdivisions of the trapezius of quadrupeds ; for it must be remembered that when in them 

 the clavicle is wanting, certain contiguous portions of the trapezius and deltoid become 

 continuous. 



The glutceus medius and psoas magnus are suggestive of the supra and infra spinati, and the 

 glutceus minimus of the teres minor ; the pectincws represents the pectoralis major, and the ad- 

 ductores brevis, longus and magnus, are only excessive developments of what the coraco-brachialis 

 is anteriorly ; their great size in man being in evident relation, not only to his erect position 

 but also to his firm seat on the noble animal which is to him strength and speed ; but in 

 the ape the rami of the ischia and pubes are lengthened downward, and so the adductors 

 arising therefrom act powerfully as extensors of the limb in leaping. 



The close antitypy between the direct extensors of the leg and those of the fore-arm 

 has always been remarked, and Cruveilhier even gave to the former the name " triceps 

 femoralis." The rectus, like the scapular head of the triceps humeralis, is also the indirect 

 flexor of the femur, the segment which intervenes between its origin on the ilium and its 

 insertion upon the inner bone of the leg ; the patella, a sesainoid bone developed in the 

 tendon of the extensor, is generally considered to be the longitype of the olecranon proc- 

 ess, both from their ordinary relations to the tendons of the muscles and from the fact that 

 the latter is developed from a distinct osseous centre, and does in man sometimes exist as 

 a separate piece connected to the shaft of the ulna by the continuation of the tendon. 

 The sartorius resembles the muscle called " epitrochlien" by Duvernoy, and already referred 

 to in this paper ; but the former, since there is no long flexor of the femur, takes its origin 

 from the anterior superior spinous process of the ilium. 



But if the direct extensors of the leg are morphologically satisfactory, the flexors are 

 quite the reverse, and in them is at once seen the effect of the twofold duties imposed 

 upon the lower limbs; the muscles are too numerous, and most of them are long ones. The 

 semi-membranosus, semi-tendinosus and gracilis attached to the tibia are apparently all acces- 

 sory to the long head of the Uceps, which, inserted upon the fibula alone, is probably the 

 real long flexor of the leg, and thus the antitype of the Uceps humeri, as the short head of 

 the Uceps, when it exists, is accessory to the poplitceus which is the antitype of the brachialis 

 anticus, and thus the short flexor of the leg. Ordinarily, all the muscles of the lower 



