VIRTUE AND CRIME 169 



develop on only uniform lines of social characteristics, which 

 tend to make them automatic machines, but fail to develop 

 their individual talents, particular capabilities, or family cha- 

 racteristics. It is in these matters of personal aptitude in 

 individual qualification that the German system of education 

 excels over ours. They pay attention to first discovering what 

 talents a student has and devoting themselves to evolving as 

 many of these as is compatible with utility in all its branches 

 of any profession, at the same time omitting all culture not 

 essential to that trade or profession, and allocating their pay- 

 ment of wages or remuneration in proportion to efficiency in 

 all branches of each occupation, whereas we have confined ours 

 to special efficiency in one particular detail of production, or 

 construction and efficiency. For it is the Jack of all trades 

 who becomes the master of all trades, although he may be an 

 efficient workman in none, and it is the all-round man who 

 can lend a hand at the greatest number of requirements of his 

 trade at moments of stress and difficulty who steers the busi- 

 ness vessel into port, not the sail-maker who makes the sail 

 but is incapable of other work. It is the all-round man who 

 deserves the highest wage, not the trades-unionist who will 

 only work at his own job. Evolution is emphatic in its asser- 

 tion that this all-round efficiency is the highest means of 

 superiority and advancement in the long run, although for the 

 moment special aptitude may appeal more to our senses. 



Thus the mammoth and huge reptiles excelled man 

 in their development of muscle and bone, but failing in the 

 all-round development of their bodies, mind and brain and 

 activity, ceased to advance beyond a certain stage of develop- 

 ment, because their hereditary powers, being confined to one 

 speciality, excellence in physical development was purchased 

 at the cost of destroying all their means of progress, and so 

 lead to their ultimate extinction. Now, I have repeatedly 

 staged that energy and heredity are the two great motive powers 

 of evolution, but all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy, 

 so we also must not forget that we cannot ignore altogether 

 the place that genius, variation and adaptability hold in crea- 

 tion. This is markedly visible in the errors of Hindoo Caste 

 which being designed to perpetuate heredity and energy 

 destroyed its ends and aims in its conceptions, by ignoring 

 variation and genius entirely. So if we wish to evolve a per- 



