90 pliny's KATTJEAL HISTOET. [Book II. 



fracted\ and that the variety of colours is produced by a 

 mixture of clouds, air, and fire^. The rainbow is certainly 

 never produced except in the part opposite to the sun, nor even 

 in any other form except that of a semicircle. Nor are they 

 ever formed at night, although Aristotle asserts that they are 

 semetimes seen at that time ; he acknowledges, however, that 

 it can only be on the 14th day of the moon^. They are seen 

 in the winter the most frequently, when the days are short- 

 ening, after the autumnal equinox^. They are not seen when 

 the days increase again, after the vernal equinox, nor on the 

 longest days, about the summer solstice, but frequently at 

 the winter solstice, when the days are the shortest. When 

 the sun is low they are high, and when the sun is high they 

 are low ; they are smaller when in the east or west, but are 

 spread out wider ; in the south they are small, but of a 

 greater span. In the summer they are not seen at noon, 

 but after the autumnal equinox at any hour : there are never 

 more than two seen at once. 



CHAP. 61. — THE NATUEE OF HAIL, SNOW, HOAE, MIST, 

 DEW ; THE TOEMS OE CLOUDS. 



I do not find that there is any doubt entertained respect- 

 ing the following points. (60.) Hail is produced by frozen rain, 

 and snow by the same fluid less firmly concreted, and hoar 



1 " Manifestum est, radium Solis immissum cavse nubi, repulsa acie in 

 Solem, refringi." 



2 Aristotle treats of the Rainbow much, in detail, principally in his 

 Meteor, iii. 2, 3, 4, and 5, where he gives an account of the phenomena, 

 which is, for the most part, correct, and attempts to form a theory for 

 them ; see especially cap. 4. p. 577 et seq. In the treatise De Mundo he 

 also refers to the same subject, and briefly sums up his doctrine with the 

 following remark : " arcus est species segmenti Solaris vel lunaris, edita in 

 nube humida, et cava, et perpetua ; quam velut in specido intuemur, ima- 

 gine relata in speciem circularis ambitils." cap. 4. p. 607. Seneca also 

 treats very fully on the phenomena and theory of the Rainbow, in his 

 Nat. Qusest. i. 3-8. 



* Vide supra, also Meteor, iii. 2, and Seneca, Nat. Qusest. i. 3. 



^ Aristotle, Meteor, iii. 5. p. 581, observes, that the rainbow is less 

 frequently seen in the summer, because the sun is more elevated, and that, 

 consequently, a less portion of the arch is visible. See also Seneca, Nat. 

 Qusest. i 8. p. 692. 



