242 PLIIJ^T'S NATUEAL HISTOET. [Book III. 



it was the chief place of Etruria\Brixilluni^,Mutina^, Parma*, 

 and Placeiitia'\ There are also the towns of CpDsena®, Cla- 

 tema, Forum Clodi', Forum Livi, Forum PopiLi, Forum 

 Truentinorum^, Forum Cornell, Forum Licini, the Faven- 

 tini^, the Fidentioi^", the Otesini, the Padinates", the Eegi- 



^ He probably means only the Etruscan cities north of the Apennines. 



2 The modem town of BresceUo occupies its site. Here the Emperor 

 Otho put an end to his life on learning the defeat of his troops by Vitel- 

 lius. It appears to have been a strong fortress in the time of the Lom- 

 bard kings. 



3 The modem Modena stands on its site. It was famous in the history 

 of the civil wars after Caesar's death. Decimus Brutus was besieged here 

 by M. Antonius, in the years B.C. 44 and 43, and under its walls the 

 consuls Hirtius and Pansa were slain. Its vicinity, like that of Parma, 

 was famous for the excellence of its wool. 



* This was a Roman colony, which was enlai^ed by Augustus, and 

 from liim received the name of Colonia Julia Augusta. It was called, 

 after the fall of the Western Empire, Chrysopolis or the " Gblden City." 

 The modem city of Parma occupies its site. 



5 A Roman colony. The present city of Piacenza stands on its site. 



^ It stUl retains the name of Cesena, and is a considerable plaee. After 

 the fall of the Western Empire it was used as a fortress of great strength. 

 We shall find Pliny again mentioning it in B. xiv. c. 6, as femous for the 

 goodness of its wines, a reputation which it still maintains. The name 

 of Clatema, once a municipal town of importance, is still retained in part 

 by a small stream which prosses the road nine miles from Bologna, and 

 is called the Quadema. An old church and a few houses, called Santa 

 Maria di Quadema, probably mark the site of the vicinity of the town, 

 which was situate on the high road. , 



'^ This Fonmi Clodii is said by D' Anville to be the modem Fomocchia. 

 , Eorum Livii is supposed to have occupied the site of the present city of 

 Eorh. Forum Popili or ForU Piccolo occupies the site of Forum or 

 Foro Popili. 



^ This place is supposed to have stood on the spot where the episcopal 

 town of Bertinoro now stands. In inscriptions it is called Forodruenti- 

 norum. Forum Comelii, said to have been so called from the Dictator 

 Sylla, occupied the site of the modem town of Imola.* The poet Martial 

 is said to have resided for some time in this town. 



* The people of Faventia, now Faenza. Pliny, B. xix. c. i., speaks of 

 the whiteness of its linen, for the manufacture of which it was cele- 

 brated. At this place Carbo and Norbanus were defeated with great loss 

 by MeteUus, the partisan of SyUa, in B.C. 82. 



10' The people of Fidentia. The present Borga di San Donnino stands 

 on its site, which is between Parma and Placentia, fifteen miles from the 

 former city. 



1' Cluver thinks that their town was on the site of the modem Castel 

 Boudino. 



