430 PLimr's ITATTJBAIi HISTOET. [Book y. 



men, to whicli indeed it owes ita name. Tlie bodies of 

 animals will not sink^ in its waters, and even those of bulls 

 and camels float there. In length it exceeds 100 miles 

 being at its greatest breadth twenty-five, and at its smallest 

 six. Arabia of the Nomades^ faces it on the east, and 

 Machaerus on the south^, at one time, next to Hierosoljma, 

 the most strongly fortified place in Judaea. On the same 

 side lies Callirrhoe^, a warm spring, remarkable for its me- 

 dicinal qualities, and which, by its name, indicates the cele- 

 brity its waters have gained. 



(17.) Lying on the west of Asphaltites, and sufficiently 

 distant to escape its noxious exhalations, are the Esseni*, a 



* This is an exaggeration, though it is the fact that many heavy sub- 

 stances, which in ordinary water would sink immediately, will float on 

 the surfiaco of this lake. It has been suggested, that the story here 

 mentioned arose from the circxunstance of the name of * bulls,' or ' cows,' 

 having been applied bv the ancient Nabatsei to the largo masses of 

 asphaltum which floated on its surface. 



^ Ihe country of the Arabian Scenitee, or " tent people." 



' It lay on the east of the Dead Sea, and not the south, as here men- 

 ioned by Pliny, being a border fortress in the south of Persea, and on 

 che confines of the Nabatsei. There was a tradition that it was at this 

 place that John the Baptist was beheaded. The city now bears the 

 name of Mascra. 



^ A Greek name, signifying the " Fine Stream." These were warm 

 springs, situate on the eastern side of Jordan, to which Herod the Great 

 resorted during his last illness, by the advice of his physicians. The 

 valley of CaUirhoe was visited by Captains Irby and Mangles in 1818, 

 and an interesting account of it is to be found in their ' Travels,' pp. 467-469. 

 The waters are sulphureous to the taste. 



^ The Essenes, or Hessenes. These properly formed one of the great 

 sects into which the Jews were divided in the time of Christ. They are 

 not mentioned by name in the New Testament, but it has been con- 

 jectured that they are alluded to in Matt. xix. 12, and Col. ii. 18, 23. 

 As stated here by Pliny, they generally lived at a distance from large 

 towns, in communities which bore a great resemblance to the monkish 

 societies of later times. They sent gifts to the Temple at Jerusalem, 

 but never offered sacrifices there. They were divided into four classes, 

 according to the time of their initiation. Their origin is uncer- 

 tain. Some writers look upon them as the same as the Assidians, or 

 Chasidim, mentioned in 1 Maccabees, ii. 42, vii. 13. Their principal 

 society was probably the one mentioned by Pliny, and from this other 

 smaller ones proceeded, and spread over Palestine, Syria, and Egypt. 

 The Essenes of Egypt were divided into two sects ; the practical 

 Essenes, whose mode of life was the same as those of Palestine ; and the 

 oontemplative Essenes, who were called TherapeutcB. Both sects main- 



