Chap. 20.] ACCOUNT OF COUNTRIES, ETC. 441 



and on the east, the Laodiceni\ who are called the Laodiceni 

 on the Libanus, the Leueadii^, and the Larissaei, besides 

 seventeen other Tetrarchies, divided into kingdoms and 

 bearing barbarous names. 



CHAP. 20. (24.) — THE EUPHBATE8. 



This place, too, will be the most appropriate ohe for 

 making some mention of the Euphrates. This river rises in 

 Caranitis', a prefecture of Greater Armenia, according to 

 the statement of those who have approached the nearest to 

 its source. Domitius Corbulo says, that it rises in Mount 

 Aba ; Licinius Mucianus, at the foot of a mountain which 

 he calls Capotes*, twelve miles above Zimara, and that at its 

 source it has the name of Pvxurates. It first flows past 

 Derxene', and then Anaitica , shutting out^ the regions of 

 Armenia from Cappadocia. Dascusa* is distant from Zimara 

 seventy-five miles ; from this spot it is navigable as far as 



* The people of Laodicea ad Libanum, a city of Coele-Syria, at the 

 northern entrance to the narrow valley, between Libanus and Anti- 

 Libanus. During the po38e88ion of Coele-Syria by the Greek kings of 

 Egypt, it was the south west border fortress of Syria. It was the chief 

 city of a district called Laodicene. 



^ Of Leucas, or Leucadia, nothing is known. Larissa, in Syria, was 

 a city in the district of Apamene, on the western bank of tlie Orontes, 

 about half-way between Apamea and Epiphania. The site is now called 

 Kulat-Seijar. 



* In the western branch of the plateau of Iran, a portion of the Taurus 

 chain. Considerable changes in the course of the lower portion of the 

 river have taken place since the time when Pliny wrote. Caranitis is 

 the modem Arzrum, or Erznim, of the Turks. 



< Now called Dujik Tagh, a mountain of Armenia. 

 » It has been suggested, that the proper reading here would be 

 Xerxene. 



* Probably the district where the goddess Anais was worshipped, 

 who is mentioned by PHny in B. xxxiii. c. 24. 



''' From the place of confluence where the two mountain streams 

 forming the Euphrates imite. This spot is now known as Kebban 

 Ma'den. 



* A fortress upon the river Euphrates, in Lesser Armenia. > It 

 has been identified with the ferry and lead-mines of Kebban Ma'den, 

 the points where the Kara Su is. joined by the Myrad-Chai, at a distance 

 of 270 miles from its source ; the two streams forming, by their con- 

 fluence, the Euphrates. 



