THE MONKEYS OF THE OLD WORLD. 



a mother hoolcM:k "on being shot has been seen 

 to take the young one from her neck, place it 

 on the bough beside her, and then drop down dead 

 at the feet of her destroyer." 



The White-handed Gibbon {^Hylobates lar), 

 a pair of which are represented in fig. 2, is 

 distinguished by having the whole of the face 

 bordered with white, and the hands and feet 

 white on the upper surface. 



TAILED MONKEYS 



(CAUDATyEX 



With more or less developed tail, ischial callosities, and 

 mostly also cheek-pouches. 



Anatomists have frequently drawn atten- 

 tion to the fact that the tail of these and the 

 American monkeys, even when quite rudi- 

 mentary, as in the Barbary ape, presents 

 essential differences in the structure of the 

 vertebrae when compared with the correspond- 

 ing part in man and the anthropoid apes. 

 But apart from these differences, to which we 

 can only allude, great variety is shown in 

 the development of this appendage, which, it 

 must be added, is u.sed only to guide the 

 movements, especially in leaping, never as 

 an organ of touch or prehension, as by the 

 American apes. From the rudimentary stump 

 of the magot or Barbary Ape up to a tail 

 exceeding the body in length, as it does in 

 many Semnopitheci and Cercopitheci, all 

 possible transitions are met with. 



Special attention is due to the ischial 

 callosities, naked and mostly warty patches 

 on the buttocks, frequently coloured by pig- 

 ments, or sometimes only by the blood show- 

 ing through. No doubt they are attributable 

 to the sitting or squatting attitude which most 

 of them adopt during the greater part of their 

 life, and especially in sleeping. In many cases 

 these spots are almost hidden by the hair, as 

 in the gibbons. They attain their highest 

 development among the baboons, and in the 

 mandrill the various feelings of the creature 

 are even expressed by variations in the colour 



I of these patches, in the same manner and with 

 the same clearness as in man they are ex- 

 pressed by blushing. 



Cheek-pouches are very seldom wanting, 

 but in some are only slightly developed. 

 They are formed by an involution of the 

 inner skin of the cheek, and at first are 

 developed only below the opening of the 

 mouth in the skin belonging to the lower 

 jaw, and open inwards by a slit parallel to 

 the opening of the mouth. When further 

 developed they extend over the entire cheek. 

 The monkey, on occasion of his plunderings 

 of trees, gardens, and fields, when he must 

 be constantly on his guard against enemies, 

 whether beasts of prey or men, and constantly 

 ready for sudden flight, stuffs these pouches 

 with his hands and tongue as full as they will 

 hold, in order that he may afterwards be able 

 to consume the proceeds of his foray in quiet. 



With respect to the general form of the 

 body and the prominence of characters 

 belonging to the lower animals, we see the 

 most manifold transitions from very slender 

 figures with small nearly round heads and 

 slightly protruding jaws, to extremely robust, 

 thickset, and even massive forms, with very 

 protruding muzzle and a savage and bestial 

 expression. Yet the limbs are mostly of 

 equal length; and when not climbing, the 

 usual mode of progression among these 

 animals is walking on all-fours with the spinal 

 column in a horizontal position, the head 

 slightly erected, and the whole sole of the 

 foot planted flat on the ground. A clear line 

 of demarcation cannot be drawn in this respect 

 between the separate groups. Among those 

 monkeys which have massive forms there is 

 a greater tendency to a terrestrial as distin- 

 guished from an arboreal mode of life. 



Except on the face and the inner surface 

 of the hands and feet the body is covered 

 with hair, which is mostly, however, not very 

 thick. Tufts on the head and tail, beards 

 and whiskers, pencils and mantles of hair, are 

 frequently developed. 



