LEGUMINOSJE-CJESALPINIE^E. 155 



southern Antilles and the neighbouring regions of South America. 

 But it is now asserted that this substance is extracted from some 

 score of species more or less automonous, in Brazil, the Guianas, 

 and the States of Venezuela, San Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Itica, 

 &c. These species are as follows: — C. BeyricJiii Hayne, 1 bijuga W., 

 Blanchetl Benth., bracteata Benth., cordifolia Hayne, coriacea Mart., 2 

 ettiptica Mart., glabra Vog., gidanensis Desf., 3 hymenmifolia Moric, 

 Jussieui Hayne, Langsdorffii Dese., 4 lax a Hayne, 5 Martii Hayne, 

 multijuga Mart. & Hayne, nitida Mart. & Hayne, oblongifolia Mart., 

 ptibiflora Lindl., Sellowii Hayne, and irapezifolia Hayne. The balsam 

 is extracted by incisions, which may be repeated twice or thrice a 

 year on vigorous trees, and of which a single one may yield as much 

 as six kilogrammes (upwards of thirteen pounds) of the oleo-resinous 

 juice. The Copaiferas of tropical Africa afford a very different pro- 

 duct, a true copal, if we admit that it is the Guibourtia* of Sierra 

 Leone that produces the African copal known as African Bed Gum 

 and Yellow Gum. It is now certain that the true resins copal and 

 anime, 7 due to Leguminosce, are produced by species of Hymencea. 

 Guibourt, 8 who has made a special study of these substances, 

 now so much used for making varnishes, distinguishes between 

 the hard and soft amines, the one kind eastern, exuding from 

 Hymencea verrucosa* in Madagascar and on the east coast of Africa, 

 the other western, produced in South America by Hymencea Cour- 

 baril, 10 and a fair number of other species more or less distinctly 



t. 342.— Woody., Med. Pot., 3, t. 137.— DC, 367. This light-coloured copal, we are told, 



Prodr., ii. 508, n. 1. — H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et forms at most but a part of the resin exported 



Spec, vi. t. 659. — M£it. & Dei., Diet., ii. 414. — from Sierra Leone (Welw., InJourn. Linn. Sue, 



Gtjib., Drog. Simpl., ed. 4, iii. 432. — A. Run., ix. 298). 



Mem. d'Hist. Nat. Med., ed. 4, ii. 301. — 8 In Pev. Scienlif., xvi. (1841), 177 ; Drog. 



Pebeiea, Elem. Mat. Med., ed. 5, ii. p. ii., Simpl., ed. 4, iii. 423. 



364.— C. Jacqtiini Dese., in Mem. Mus., vii. 9 G.EETN., Fruct., iii. 306, t. 139, fig. 7. — 



376. — Lindl., Fl. Med., 278. — Rosenth., Syn. Trachylobium verrucosum Hayne (see p, 108, 



PI. Diaph., 1016 (New Spain Resin, Columbian notes 4, 6, fig. 84). 



Copaiva, and aceite de Canime of New Granada). 10 L., Spec., 537. — Vahl, Eel. Amer., ii. 



1 In Linncea, i. 426; in Dune. Suppl. to the 30. — Lamk., ///., t. 330, fig. 1. — DC, Mem. 

 Edinb. New Disp., 45 (ex Pee., loc. cit.). Legion., xii. t. 26, fig. 120; Prodr., ii. 511, n. 



2 In Isis (1824), 589.— DC, Prodr., n. 4 1. — M£r. & Del., Diet., iii. 565. — Gum., Drog. 

 (DiaVruml). Simpl., ed. 4, iii. 332, fig. 334.— Lindl., Fl. 



3 Loc. cit., t. 13. Med., 266. — Rosenth., op. cit., 1012 (Copalier 



4 Loc. cit., 377, t. 14. d'Amerique [American Copal-Tree], Simiri of 



5 Cupaiva do campo of Minas-Geraiis ; Para the Galibis, Locust-Tree of the English. The 

 Copaiva. resin is called jatahy, jatchy, jatoiba in Brazil, 



6 Cop'.iifera copallina. — C. Guibourtiana and Copal d'Algarrobo in New Granada. It i^ 

 Benth., in Trans. Linn. Sac, xxv. 317. — used as a drug in Brazil in lung complaints, 

 Guibour/ia copallina Benn., in Joum. Linn. such as coughs and haemoptysis. The decoction 

 Soc, i. 150. of the inner bark is used as a vermifuge, accord- 



7 Daniell, in Pharm. Joum., xvi. (1857), iug to Macfadyen (Fl. Jamaic, i. 3 19). 



