210 OPKNINO OF TIIK I-ASHAGIi; TO TIIK INTERIOR OF TriK FLOWER. 



cxproHHioii " ()|iriiiii^' of l''|()W(^rH" ill IJic li(^ii,(lliiii! iili()V(!, niiHM! Ilowi^r.s oxi.sL (,0 vvliicli 

 tho term "o|j(iii" docH not Hpply. Tlic lloworH of the Siiapdruffoii ii-iid 'I'oadllax 

 (A'rilirrhinum and Linaria) never (ipon Hpoiitanc'.oiiHly ; but tliciiiHoct.s wliicili i'n;quont 

 Uiiiii for lioiioy liuvo to open tlio door for tluMiiw'lveH liy puHliirijf down tlie lower 

 lip. iSo, also, ill Llie llowei-H of I'apilionacoa!. In ihc. Imd llic iipperino.st jietal or 

 Mtandard iiicloH(!H the four otlu^rH lilce u iiiantio; only when the pollon in niaturo, and 

 liaH been diHcliarjr('d from the antlierH, doew tlio Htandard fold back, and one Hays 

 tho plant JH in flower. I'.ut Htill no openitiff Ih to be .seen, aeceHH to the hoiusy remaiiiH 

 now, aH before, hidd(wi, and in.sccis muni, introduce llicir prol)OM(;os between tho 

 folded p(!taln. Still, from a con.sideration of thoHO and other canoH, it may be ur{j;ed 

 Uiat, Lhero in OHHontially an openiiiff of what waH cio.sod in tiie bud, a f^iving of accoHH 

 to the interior of tho (lowor, ho that pcirhap.s tho heudlino nbovo moHn tho eiiHo. 



The a,rranj!;omoiil, of l,he |)cl:ii,l,s in the Ihjwer-biid iH dctrnninalc for indi vi<lii:ii 

 caHcH, aiid Ih often made uho of by dcHcriptive liol.aniHtH aa a imeful charaeter for 

 diHcrimiiiaXingfamilieH and genera. 'I'liiH manner of folding m known a.s J'Mivalion, 

 of which Hovoral fortnH are diHtinguishod. (1) The crumpled oontivation, character- 

 intiir of riie i'ojipy, (Ji.stuH, and I 'omegranttto (i'opawr, CisiUN, and J'linica). Tho 

 petiil.s ]\cr>', to i|Uol,(! (Jrcw, "are cramb'd up within the Km/xdeiiieHl [i.e. cnly.x] by 

 liiindredH of little [Vrliildes or I'ackery; an if Three or Four lino (Jambri.ck IJatiJc- 

 cherchifa were thriiHl, into ones Pocket". (2) Plaited or plicate aintivation, wliore 

 i\, funnel- or boU-Hhapod corolla Ih folded in rcgulai", longitudinal plea,tH, as in V(wiuh'h 

 lioukiiig glaHH (Hpcadaria). (:i) When tho baiid-lil<<! eoroiluH of many CompoHiten, 

 art l.lie SalHify and Dandelion {'J'rai/opoc/ori, and Taraxacwrii) are rolled up longi- 

 tudinally iiilii a. tube eloMi'd above by five little teeth, one Hpcakn of a convolute 

 asHtivation; (4) wliou, an in UmliolliforiJU and many Caryophyllaceic, the petals are 

 rolled u|) from a,pex to banc, of a clrcviiale jeHlivation. (f)) SoiiKitimeH tho folded 

 or unfolded [)etal.s are ho placed one upon the other, that on one nide <^a,cli in in 

 contact with tho adjacent petal of that side, and on the other side with that of the 

 other, tho whole corolla appearing spirally twisted. This condition is known as 

 contorted Histivation, of which oxainple.s are tlio Wood-Rorrol {Uxalin), Teriwinkle 

 {Vinca),n.m\ other Apocynacoa), SoL'uuieeai, and t^onvolvulncea). (G) The commonest 

 I'oiiii of a',sl,iva,lii)ii in that in which Mic pei.als or lobes of a united corolla overlap 

 like tiles on a roof, without being twisted, however. The outmost petal covers all 

 tho roHt, or a pair of outi^r jx^tals iiiclo,s(^ a, pair of iniKir ones, 'i'hi.s, the inihrlcate 

 aistivation, is cliMracteristic of the Ajijile, Kohc, Huttercu]!, and Anemone, also, ia a 

 iMddilicd 1(11111, (if r.iijilionaceai and I'inka (7) In a nunibcr of jilanbs, e.g. Aaarum, 

 Lilac, and Vino, the [letals do not overlap, but touch merely by tlu^ir margins, and 

 form a sort of dome or vault. This is known as valvate a-stivation. Among those 

 kinds of a'stivatioii various combinaiions occur, thus the J'ojjpy in addition to being 

 crumpled i.s iiiiljriciit,c, M,iid ,sc\i'r;i,l I'inks {DliintliuH neglectua, glacialia, k.v..) with 

 iiiibri(ra,tiiig jietalH are also convoliil.i!. it fiirtluu- oftcm ha]i])ciiH (hat tho leaves of tho 

 calyx have an asstivation dideriiig from that of tho corolla. Ihu'e, again, the I'oppy 

 is an instance in point, its calyx ia valvate, and its corolla imbricate and crumpled. 



