THE FROG 179 



FIG. 88. THE SKELETON OF THE FROG 



A, one-half of the skeleton shown from above. 



as, astragalus; mt, metatarsals; 



c, carpals; mx, maxilla; 



ca, calcaneum; na, nasal; 



cr, crus; o, opening for nerve; 



e, ethmoid; p, parietal; 



ex, exoccipital; ph, phalanges; 



/, frontal; pr, premaxilla; 



fe, femur; r-u, radio-ulnar; 



fm, foramen magnum; sq, squamosal; 



il, ilium; t, tarsals; 



hu, humerus; tr, transverse process; 



me, metacarpals; ur, urostyle. 



B, a vertebra from the end and from above. 



c, centrum; 



na, neural arch; 



tr, transverse process. 



C, the skull shown from below. 



con, occipital condyle; pt, pterygoid; 

 pa, palatine ; quadrate; 



pr, premaxilla; 



ps, parasphenoid; *>, vomer. 



D, skull shown from the side. 



ex, exoccipital; q, quadra to-jugal; 



mx, maxilla; qu, quadrate; 



m, mandible; sq, squamosal. 

 na, nasal; 



E, the hyoid bone. 



F, the shoulder girdle shown from below. 



co, coracoid; pr, precoracoid; 



gc, glenoid cavity; sc, scapula; 



h, humerus; st, sternum. 

 ost, omosternum; 



G, the pelvic girdle shown from the side. 



ac, acetabulum; is, ischium; 



il, ilium; pu, pubis. 



