6 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK. 



the Llandovery ; L. Daphne, L. ricinifnrmis, in the Trenton ; L. RouauUi, L. 

 Hawkii, in the Budleigh-Salterton pebbles [Lower Silurian] ; L. perovata, in the 

 Clinton ; L. cuneata, in the Medina sandstone ; L. spatiosa, in the Lower 

 Helderberg), diminishing during the Devonian (L. Leana, in the Hamilton), 

 and reaching the close of the Palaeozoic with a very meager representation 

 (L. Scotica, L.flabellula, in the Carboniferous); and of the various types of 

 outline, this is the only one not represented among living species of the 

 genus. 



The generic'term Lingula, like many other names among the fossil brachi- 

 opods, has long been a receptacle for various fossils, which, in the absence 

 of knowledge of their internal characters, have been assumed to be con- 

 generic. Recent observers have, however, made great progress toward a cor- 

 rect understanding and limitation of the group. Many species of acuminate 

 form originally referred to Lingula, have been found to differ so distinctively, 

 in essential features, from the type species, L. anatina, that the erection of 

 various other generic groups has been necessary; e.g., Lingulella, Salter, Lin- 

 GULEPis, Hall, Glossina, Phillips, etc. To some of these newer genera, probably 

 belong most of the species from the primordial faunas, which have been 

 described as " Lingula," a doubt resting upon all the species thus referred, 

 whose interior markings are not known. Thus, L. ampla, Owen, L. Winona, and 

 L. Mosia, Hall, from the Potsdam sandstone of Wisconsin, have the external 

 characters of Lingula, and must, of necessity, be regarded as members of the 

 genus, until the difference has been demonstrated from internal characters. 

 Likewise, in the British primordial faunas are the species, L. squamosa, HoU, 

 L. pygmma, Salter, and L. petalon, Hicks, of which we have still to learn the 

 true generic relations. The fact that as far as the internal characters of 

 the species of the earliest faunas have become known they have shown generic 

 differences from Lingula, may, to a certain degree, justify the temporary refer- 

 ence of the species mentioned to some other group. 



This genus has been most remarkable for its wonderful adaptability to change 

 in the conditions of life through immeasurable lengths of geological time, and, 

 though in its strict limitation it may not have been represented in the earliest 



