VELXS OF THE SCALP Glo 



sii])t'nor intercostal artery. On reacliing tlie transverse process of the seventh 

 cervical vertehra, it turns forwards between that process and the neck of the first 

 ril), and opens either directly into the innominate vein or into the vertebral imme- 

 diately liefure that vein joins the innominate. 



Tributaries. — It receives branches from the muscles amongst which it runs. 



The Lateral Superficial Veins of the Scalp 



The lateral veins descend, one in front and one ])eliind the ear, and unite 

 about the level of the angle of tlie jaw to form a single trunk — the external jugular 

 vein. 



The anterior vein, the larger of the two. is known as far as the zygoma as the 

 superficial temporal vein. There it is joined by a deep vein from the temporal 

 fossa — the middle temporal vein ; and the united trunk, now called the common 

 temporal vein, passes over the zygoma into the parotid gland. Opposite the neck 

 of the lower jaw it receives the large internal maxillary vein, and takes the name 

 of the temporo-maxillary vein. This emerges from the lower border of the 

 parotid gland, and joins the posterior lateral vein, which is known as the posterior 

 auricular, to form the external jugular vein. 



The Anterior Lateral Veins. — The superficial temporal vein returns the blood 

 from the parietal region of the scalp. It is formed l)y the uni(jn of an anterior and a 

 posterior branch: the former communicates with the supraorbital and frontal veins; 

 the latter with the posterior auricular and occipital veins and the temporal vein of 

 the opposite side. These branches lie superficial to the corresponding branches of 

 the superficial temporal artery, which they roughly though not accurately follow. 

 Like the artery, they lie between the skin and the cranial aponeurosis, and descend 

 over the temporal fascia to unite a little above the zygoma, and just in front of the 

 pinna of the ear, to form the superficial temporal trunk. The vein thus formed 

 continues its course downwards with the trunk of the temporal artery, and 

 opi)osite the zygoma is joined by the middle tem|toral vein to form the common 

 temporal vein. 



The middle temporal vein corresponds with the middle temporal artery. It 

 begins in a plexus in the temporal fossa, and then runs backwards l)etween the 

 layers of the temporal fascia, the outer layer of which it perforates near the 

 zygoma, to join the superficial temporal vein. It receives an orbital branch, which 

 corresponds with the orbital branch of the temporal artery, and communicates in 

 front with the ophthalmic vein, the external palpel)ral veins, and the infraorbital 

 veins, and then runs backwards l)etween the layers of the temporal fascia to join 

 the middle temporal trunk or plexus. The middle temporal vein communicates 

 with the dee]i temporal veins, and through them with the pterygoid venous plexus. 



The common temporal vein, formed 1)V the confluence of the superficial and 

 middle temporal veins, descends over the zygoma just in front of the pinna of the 

 ear, lying a little superficial to the temporal artery. Then, passing deeply into 

 the parotid gland, between the external auditory meatus and the angle of the jaw, 

 it is joined almost at a right angle by the internal maxillary vein, and becomes the 

 temporo-maxillary vein. 



Tributaries. — It receives (a) the transverse facial vein, which corresponds 

 to the transverse facial artery; {b) articular veins from the {)lexus around the 

 temporo-mandibular joint — this plexus receives the tympanic vein, Avhich, together 

 with its corresponding artery, jjasses through tlie tissm-e of (Uaser; (r; parotid 

 veins, from the substance of the parotid gland; (d) masseteric veins, from the 

 masseter muscle; and (e) anterior auricular veins, from the pinna of the ear. 



The internal maxillary vein accompanies the first ])art of the internal max- 

 illary artery between the internal lateral or spheno-mandiliular ligament and the neck 

 of the lower jaw. It begins at the i)osterior confluence of the veins forming the 

 pterygoid plexus, and ends by uniting with the common tem|)oral vein to form the 

 temporo-maxillary trunk. 



The pterygoid plexus is formed by the veins which correspond to the branches 

 of the internal maxillary artery. It is situated, partly on the inner surface of the 

 internal pterygoid muscle, and partly around the external pterygoid muscle. The 



