1008 



THE URINARY ORGANS 



fatty capsule, rests against the posterior alxloniinal wall, extending upwards in 

 front of the eleventh and twelfth ribs and inwards to overlap the tips of the 

 transverse processes of the first and second lumbar vertebrae; the left kidney 

 usually reaching as hiirh as the upjier l)ordcr of the eleventh ril), the right only to 

 its lower loonier. The only visceral relation i>osteriorly is on the left side, where the 

 spleen slightly overlaps the kidney opposite the upper half of its outer border. The 

 parietal relations on both sides areas follows: (1) the diaphragm, and if a well- 

 marked hiatus diaphragmaticus exist above the ligamentum arcuatum externum, the 

 kidney may come into relation with the subplenral tissue and pleura; at this point 

 the ciiest may become invaded by a circumrenal abscess, or an empyema may 



Fig. 611. — The Abdominal Viscera, seen from behind. 



(From the model of His.) 



The kidneys are .somewhat lower than usual in their relations to the ribs. 



FIRST PORTION OF 

 RECTUM 



SIGMOID FLEXURE 



SECOND PORTION OF 

 RECTUM 



LUNG 

 SUPRARENAL BODY 



OUTLINE OF LAST RIB 

 Vena cava 



RIGHT KIDNEY WITH 

 URETER INTERNALLY 



SMALL INTESTINE 



OUTLINE OF ILIAC 



CREST 

 COLON 



PARIETAL PERITONEUM 

 WITH COLIC VESSELS 



SMAU INTESTINE 



- BLADDER 

 AMPULLA OF RECTUM 



find its way from the ]>leura into the subperitoneal tissue behind the kidne}'; (2) 

 the anterior lamella of the posterior aponeurosis of the transversalis fse])arating 

 the organ from the (juadratus luniborum; (3) the psoas; (4) the three fasciie — 

 diaphragmatic, transversalis, and iliac — which line these muscles respectivel}'; and 

 (5) the last thoracic, the ilio-hypogastric, and the ilio-inguinal nerves, and the 

 ant(!rior divisions of the first and second luml)ar vessels, all runnuig obliquely 

 downwards and outwards in front of the quadratus lumborum to })ierce the 

 transversalis beyond the outer border of the quadratus. Owing to the higher level 

 of the left kidney, its diaphragmatic area of contact is larger than that of the right 

 organ. This area, moreover, mav l)e increased on eitlicr side when the arcuate 



